Unit+1

Unit 1 Work

The Chesapeake Region
The Chesapeake Bay region is an area that encompasses Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, Maryland and Virginia. The word Chesapeake comes from //Chesepiooc,// an Algonquin word refering to a village "at a big river." When the English colonists first came to America the area was low, hot, dry and disease-ridden. Many people in Jamestown died from Malaria. This area in colonial times was where the English first attempted to settle and colonize for a future profit. It is also home to Jamestown, Virginia, the place where planter John Rolfe first began to grow tobacco and then the expansion of the region led to the need for more land to cultivate the tobacco. The tobacco economy that resulted changed Chesapeake society and led to more European settlement on Indian territory. The exchange of agricultural technologies between the Indians of the region and the white settlers helped to ensure the survival of Jamestown. The increase in tobacco farming led to the more and more slaves coming into the colonies. The region became a center for economic activity.



__﻿Anne Hutchinson__
An intelligent woman who challenged the beliefs of the Puritans by claiming the members of the clergy were not among the "elect" and therefore had no right to their positions. She also challenged the role of women in Puritan society by not being a wife and mother, but a power religious figure. She was banished from Puritan society on the charge of sedition and with her family moved to Rhode Island and then to NY. Following her heresy male clergy decided to further restrict women, which led to more and more women migrating out of MAssachusetts Bay, to Maine and New Hampshire.

__Different Types of Colonies in America__

 * 1) A Royal colony- a colony that was controlled by the king.
 * 2) A Proprietary colony- a colony controlled by one person usually a very powerful individual.
 * 3) Chartered Compa

__**Chapter 2 Glog**__ media type="custom" key="6938361"

__Chapter 3 Preview__

 * In the early 1600s to early 1700s various groups of people( Germans, Scottish, Irish,etc...) traveled to America to settle. Also, the slave trade in the 1670s increases, while the number of indentured servant declines. The Great Awakening in 1734 brings about a religious revival in America.
 * More and more immigrants traveled to America many as indentured servants, some as criminals. Many wanted to escape England, others wanted to establish themselves in their trade in America.
 * Decrease in Indentured Servitude= decrease in English birth rate, increase in English prosperity meant a decrease in the desire for servitude. Many avoided south because of difficult work conditions, others went to NE + Mid Atlantic region.
 * End of 17th century non-indian population grew to a quarter of a million 25 percent were Africans. Better conditions in the colonies led to more births than deaths in the non-Indian population.
 * The birth rates in the south during 1650's was much lower than the NE and mid-atlantic regions. Lack of disease, and clean water made reproductive rates higher in those regions.
 * High death rates in women led to more and more children dying from infections contracted during childbirth or surgery. Midwives prevailed due to a lack of medical knowledge and practiced based on humoralism.

__Birth and Death Rate Factors__

 * Advancements in Medicine
 * Amount of Poverty
 * Gender balances
 * Diseases
 * Inadequate food
 * Healthcare, clean water, better sterile conditions
 * Climate & Weather conditions
 * Increase in Immigration, which leads to natural increase.
 * Strong religious and political hierachy(large number of family groups).
 * Government Policies
 * Taxes, welfare
 * Contraceptions

=﻿**__Social Mobility__**=
 * =Social mobility is the movement of individuals up or down the social hierachy due to opportunities presented. In colonial times more land in America and less people meant more opportunites for individuals to become rich and successful.=
 * **Today social mobility can be seen in entrepreneurships such as the stock market. Inherited wealth is another form of social mobility. The American Dream is an example of social mobility. The dream includes coming to America working hard and one day becoming prosperous and successful.**
 * ** The Education system provides plenty of opportunities for social mobility. **


 * __Chapter 3 Questions 3-6__**
 * Chapter 3 #1-6done on PiratePad.net**

media type="custom" key="6994105" The Hudson Bay company had a great amount of land control. 1. The philosophy of revolt that occured in the colonies was the belief in the balance of power between the monarchy, parliament and the common people and that the king and his ministers had exercised too much power unchecked. Also, the colonists did not believe in taxation without representation, the English did not agree with this notion. Colonists also believed in actual representation where communities would elect their own representatives who represented the area he was elected from, while in government. The British disagreed and believed in visual representation. Also, the colonists believed in colonial charters and unlike the English constitution, which was not a written or fixed set of rules, the colonists thought that the powers of government should not be flexible and ever changing. Much of the uproar was political because the taxes in England were greater than those in the colonies but the colonists were angered because politically they had not been given a say in wheter or not they should have been taxed. 2. The 3 most important events that led to strong colonial desires for revolution were: The Boston Massacre, The Boston Tea Party and the battles of Lexington and Concord. The Boston Massacre occured on March 5, 1770 when several British soldiers fired into a crowd killing 5 people, one of whom was Crispus Attacks, a mulatto sailor. The event was used by local resistance leaders to show how terrible the British were. Also, it led to the creation of committee of correspondence where dissidents shared the brutalities of the British throughout the colonies in the 1770s. The Boston Tea Party was an event that happened on December 16, 1773 in which groups of colonial rebels threw hundreds of crates of tea into the Boston Harbor. Following that, the coercion acts further distanced colonists from Britain and sparked new resistance from colonists. Finally, the Battles at Lexington and Concord occured when the British wanted to capture rebel leaders Sam Adams and John Hancock. The result was a ready militia at Concord and an American victory at Lexington in which many colonists and British soldiers died. Thanks to Paul Revere and William Dawes the American soldiers were prepared for the British arrival. The battle rallied thousands of rebels from north or south that hadn't previously wanted to fight. 3. From 1607 through 1774 British rule of America was corrupt through the appointments of officials in the colonies through bribery and favoritism not based on ability. Also many customs officers waived their duties on goods when colonial merchants paid them to do so. The colonial legislatures often didn't follow laws by the Privy Council. Many appointees to America did not travel to America but sent substitutes to the colonies. Many trade restrictions were bypassed by trade merchants.
 * __PowerPoint Economic, Social & Political issues of__ __colonies__**
 * __Summary of French and Indian War__**
 * In the mid 1700s The French and Indian War was a war between England and France in the colonies over control of North America.The French were allied with the Ohio Valley Indians and the English were allied with the Iroquois Confederacy who played an extremly passive part. The war ended following the Siege of Quebec on September 13, 1759. A year later the French army surrendered. King George III signed the Peace of Paris, which led to English dominance in North America. England acquired Canada and a large area west of the Mississippi, while French possessions in the colonies died down to only the Caribbean. After the war tensions between colonists and the British became heavily strained due to the fact that the colonies had made little financial contributions, and sold goods to the French during the war. England also acquired a large debt and began to implement taxes on goods in the colonies, an act that sparked outrage amongst the colonists. However, the war also united many of the colonists. The Iroquois confederation after the war crumbled for within and became divided to the point that they would no longer challenge their white adversarys. The unfair taxes passed by England built up anger in the colonies and would affect the colonies later.**
 * __Map( Page 111) North America in 1763__**
 * Mostly controlled by Spain and Britain.
 * Much of the northwest territory of the U.S. was unexplored.
 * France controlled only a small amount in the caribbean.
 * The Proclamation Line of 1763 limited the westward expansion of colonists.
 * __Chapter 4 Questions__**

media type="custom" key="7032299" width="170" height="170" This wordle of the Declaration of Independence stresses certain words such as laws, government, independence, people, powers, states, justice, and usurpations. These words signify how the American people were abused by the harsh laws of Great Britain and that they needed to claim their own independence in order to escape the abusive laws of King George III. Also, the words listed above are emphasized because they display the beliefs of the social contract, in that government is meant for the people and when the government violates the contract between the people and itself, the people have a right to dissolve and set up a new more independent government. That is why the word "usurpations" is placed there. King George III allowed laws such as the Stamp Act and other acts. One less prominent word that holds signifigance is foreign, which shows how the people of America and Great Britan became very disconnected and foreign from one another. Those are the main and less prominent points in this wordle of the Declaration of Independence.
 * __Wordle for Declaration of Independence__**
 * __Analysis of Wordle__**

The assumptions of republicanism on paper gave equality to "all men" and did not extend those rights to women, slaves or Native Americans. However, to an extent there was still a large amount of dependent workers in the slave workforce. Most of the people in the South owned slaves. Nowadays, the assumption that a republic could not survive with a few aristocrats and large workers is evident in the system known as capitalism. The assumptions of republicanism over time became more implemented in American culture through years and years of debates and battles over equality for all. Today black men and women in general have just as much freedom as white men and women. However, the Native Americans were continuously expoloited and displaced from their homes in order to create the America that we have today. Some people do not feel represented in Congress when the government passes controversial laws such as the stimulus package, which many people felt was another example of big government and the government not representing the people properly. It is also another potential example of republicanism not being practiced in the U.S. =__Chapter 5 Questions__= 4. The war economy for the U.S. during the Revolutionary War was one facing very difficut challenges. For one, the newly established government had to finance the war and did so by borrowing money from other countries, issuing war bonds and printing more money, which led to inflation. The aftermath of the Revolutionary war was one of independence from Great Britain. Colonial merchants no longer had access to British ports, which were now hostile. Many British vessels sought to run American vessels off of the sea. However, the American economy benefited from their separation from Great Britain. The colonies were now free to trade with other areas such as South America, the Caribbeans and even Asia. America was no longer restricted by British regulations that made it difficult to trade with other countries. Also, states began to trade with one another after the end of the Revolutionary War. 5. The initial structure of American republicanism was a government that was to be run by the people and for the people. The people wanted a government ruled by any supreme power such as a king and did so by limiting an executive branch from the structure of the government. Also the constitutions of the states would be written down in order to prevent corruption. In the late 1770s following the instabilities of the state governments the states shifted to strong executives who would be given a great deal of power in order to maintain stability and this was due to the revision of state constitutions. The national government initially had very limited powers and was not able to levy taxes, raise an army or declare war. Congress remained the only national authority in government and their was no executive branch or judicial branch to interpret laws. 6. I believe the war should be called the "War for Independence" because of the impact that America's independence had on the world. For one, the American allies, the French borrowed heavily from the ideologies of liberty and equality when the people revolted in the French Revolution. Also, the war can be labeled as a war for independence because the belief that "all men are created equal" was passed on to African Americans, women and Native Americans; without the American victory the beliefs held today may not exist. Many of these minority groups did not believe that they could be free and equal until the war for independence occurred. The war and its aftermath exposed more and more American minorities to the concept of freedom to all and influenced many people through the course of American history to stand up and demand that they be treated with the beliefs held in the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. It was not simply the American Revolution because it helped launch the revolution of many different groups of people and minorities who became fed up with their system of government and over time demanded and even revolted in order to obtain independence and equality. A revolution is a dramatic change by the people against the standard norm of society or systems of society, while independence is not as drastic a change in society. = __C entralization vs Decentrailization 10/1/10 __ = Centralization of powers is when power is handed to the government or in other words federalism. The ﻿national government in centralization is given power to make laws and decide what is best for the coutry as a whole. Decentralization on the otherhand, is when power is shared mostly to the citizens of a government. Decentralization relies less on the authority of the government and Centralization relies on the authority of the government. An example of centralization is congress and their ability to declare war. This gives power to the national government. Decentrailizationists are also refered to as anti-federalists. In the U.S. anti-federalists were citizens who did not want to ratify the Constitution because it gave too much power to the national government and the executive branch had too much power. B/c of "necessary and proper clause" Congress had too much power. Federalists proponents of centralization believed that the government should be organized into 3 different branches and since each is equal there would be no abuse of power.Examples: centralization gives the power to print paper money. Taxes and international trade. Age requirements. __Decentralization__: Schools decide what happens in school systems such as the curriculum, the standards and other factors. In terms of education the national government should be able to create national educational policy and set the standards for education across states. The problem is though each state is different and some states through economic conditions or whatever factors may have higher standards of testing or whatnot. **__ Centralization of Powers through the Northwest Ordinance and Shay's Rebellion __**
 * __Assumptions of Republicanism__**
 * The government would be a political system where all power came from the people.
 * There would be no supreme power such as a king.
 * Strong, independent, landowning and engaged civilians would ensure the prosperity of the system and the country.
 * Could not survive with few powerful aristocrats and a large amount of dependent workers.
 * "All men are created equal"
 * Believed everyone would be given equal opportunites for success.
 * However, black members were used as a slave workforce, women were still dependent and submissive and Native Americans were moved from their settlements and exploited.
 * Some people were born to be wealthier and more successful but even should have the opportunity to work towards success.

**__ Shay's rebellion revealed the urgency to a movement to produce a new, national constitution. __**