Unit+2

__+Chapter 6 Questions__

1.Federalism is a political system where the power is centered around a strong central government. In regards to state sovereignty the constitution establishes a bicameral legislature ( House of Representatives, Senate) where the amount of representatives in the lower house are based on population and the number of representatives in the upper house are equal. This system ensures that all states have a say in the countries political affairs and therefore maintain state sovereignty. The Constitution balances power in the government by dividing the national government into 3 branches: the executive branch, which enforces the laws; the legislative branch, which creates the laws and the judicial branch, which interprets the laws. The branches are constantly competing with one another and "checking" each other in order to make sure one branch of government does not become too powerful. 2.Alexander Hamilton's political philosophy was one that supported a strong central government and one that believed that only a chosen group of aristocratic men could govern because people were too self-interested and therefore not fit for a position of rule. As secretary of treasury Alexander Hamilton recommended that the national government take on the states debts and he also implemented the creation of the nations first national bank. This first bank eventually showcased the growing power of the national government. 3. The Founding fathers were wealthy, white, land-owning, educated and middle-aged men who all in one way or another participated in the American Revolution. They also all lived in the thirteen colonies. They differed in that they couldn't agree on how much power the states governments should have and how much power the national government should have. In one instance, George Washington himself did not believe in the creation of political parties, but Alexander Hamilton and others created politcal parties anyways.Disagreed on forms of government. Business vs farming was one. Relationship with England. 4. The new American government dealt with securing the frontier by signing Jay's treaty and Pickney's treaty. They also recognized the Native Americans in the constitution by declaring them " a nation within a nation." Native Americans were given some sovereignty. 5.Jays treaty and Pickney's treaty displayed how the new government did not like the fact that Europeans inhabited Americans. Also, it displayed how the American population was growing significantly and how Americans felt they should be encroaching on the land out west and other places. Displayed how the new government was asserting itself on the international stage. 6. The xyz affair resulted in an angered American public, America cutting trade with France and an undeclared war known as the quasi war. The xyz affair led to Americans desiring to secure their borders and to protect themselves from immigrants from enemy powers, but also to protect themselves from __seditious__ attacks. Opponents of the Alien and Sedition Acts argued that Congress was excercising powers it didn't have and under the "compact theory" individual states could "nullify" the laws if they voted. This event displayed how the country was politically divided. Displayed a challenge to Bill of Rights (Alien and Sedition Acts). 7. The election of 1800 tested the stability of the American political process in that Jefferson and Burr tied and Congress voted Jefferson as the winner. Jeffersons victory was a victory for him and anti-federalist constituents. The victory was labeled the "revolution of 1800" because anti-federalists felt that they had successfully saved the country from the harsh and tyrannous rule of the federalists and that the country could now enter an era where the true principles of the Constitution would emerge. That is why Thomas Jeffersons victory in the election of 1800 was deemed the"revolution of 1800." Called a "revolution" b/c of the major shift in power from Federalists to Republcans. = ﻿__Chapter 7 Questions__ = 1. The early American nationalism in the 19th century reflected the Republican vision of an agrarian, nonindustrial and virtuous society. There were more educational opportunities for women and the nations literary and artistic culture began to become more independent from its European counterparts. Also, American culture began to distinguish itself from European Enlightenment with the Great Awakening. In the early 1800s Americans became more and more critical of religion and the result was the Second Great Awakening, which led to increased religious fervor in America. 2. The major political changes of Jefferson's presidency revolved around //Marybury v. Madison//, The Louisiana Purchase and the Napoleonic Wars. These changes displayed the growing power of the Judicial Branch, efforts by the U.S. to expand westward and displace Native Americans from the land in the Northwest and America's opposition to impressment. //Marbury v. Madison// expanded the power of the Supreme Court and declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 null and void. The Louisiana Purchase expanded the U.S., but showed the vast tracts of land not owned by the U.S. The Napoleonic Wars showed the tensions that the U.S. had with Great Britain and France and eventually led to the war of 1812. 3. Jefferson's constitutional philosophy was one of a small government that was controlled by the people. He was also a strict constructionist, that is, he believed that the government could only exercise the powers specifically laid out in the U.S. constitution. The Louisiana Purchase created a conflict for him because the Constitution did not say anything specific about the acquisition of new territory and Jefferson believed that government should only do what its delegated to do. He loosely interpreted the constitution because he believed that the Louisiana Purchase was in the best interest of the American people. 4. The motivation of behind Jefferson's sponsorship of the Lewis and Clark expedition was to learn more about the geography of the new territory and the Native Americans to the Americans. The historical signifigance is that it created an impression among Americans in the East that the land between the Missouri River and the Rockies was an uninhabitable, "uncultivable desert." 5. The war of 1812 was caused by American desires for Florida, trade restrictions by Great Britain, impressment of American sailors into the British navy, and British support of Native Americans who opposed American expansion. The War of 1812 resulted in the Treaty of Ghent and the Rush-Bagot agreement. The war weakened the Indians capacity to oppose white expansion and drove a wedge between Great Britain and Indians in the Northwest. media type="custom" key="7249097" Raised Education in the U.S.
 * Google Presentation Thomas Jefferson**

__Chapter 8 Questions__
1. James Monroe's presidency was referred to as the "Era of Good Feeling" because of the expansion of the economy, the growth of white settlement and commerce in the West and the creation of new states. Monroe changed presidential politics by selecting northerners, southerners, easterners, westerners, federalists and republicans to his administration to show his nonpartisan beliefs. During this era America was rapidly expanding and America was becoming more and more nationalistic domestically and internationally through the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the Americas was a place that European nations could no longer colonize and live under. Following this doctrine, America expanded with the acquisition of Florida from Spain through the Adams-Onis treaty and the also acquired the area north of the 42nd parallel. In conclusion, Monroe's presidency was an era of good feeling because Americans were increasing united, nonpartisan and nationalistic. 2. The Panic of 1819 occurred because of the U.S. land boom following the high foreign demand for American farm goods. This also meant high prices for U.S. farmers. So, more and more settlers began to buy land in order to farm. Settlers and speculators obtained easy credit from state banks and the Bank of the U.S. However, in 1819 new management at the Bank of the U.S. began to tighten their control over credit and did so by bringing in loans, and taking over mortgages. This action led to failure by state banks, which lead to financial panic(6 year depression) particularly in the West. The result was many people pointing the finger at the national bank for their problems and even led to some people viewing the panic of 1819 as a sign that rapid growth economically and territorially would destabilize America. Country began to reexamine economic policies. 3. John Marshall and the court changed the status of the supreme court by powering the judicial branch at the expense of the other branches and also by expanding the power of the national government over the state governments. He also gave more to the owning and commercial class Americans. He changed the relationship between state and businesses during the case of //Gibbons v. Ogden//, by stating that licenses given to individuals by the federal government were more important and protected then licenses given by state governments. Importance: If banks fail, people with money in banks that failed lose their money. 4. The world changed when President James Monroe issued his Monroe Doctrine in that many Latin American countries were revolting from Spain and declaring their independence as new nations.Monroe declared that the states in America were no longer places in which European countries could colonize or meddle in. This showed the growing feelings of nationalism in 1823 and the establishment of the U.S. as the dominant power in the western hemisphere. 5. The corrupt bargain of 1824 was the term used by supporters of Andrew Jackson during the election of 1824 criticizing the election of John Adams. Adams won the election even though Jackson had more popular and electoral votes, but not a majority. The House of Representatives had to take a vote and with henry Clay's support, they elected Adams as president of the United States. Andrew Jackson was elected in 1828 because of the belief among Jacksonians that a "champion" of democracy would occupy the white house and bring liberty to the people of the U.S. and to the economy. They called the new period "the era of the common man."

Chapter 9 Questions
1. Democracy changed in the years leading up to Andrew Jackson's presidency in that more and more people in the U.S. gained access to voting. The expanding electorate was a result of the forces of democratization. Also Americans became more and more loyal to their political parties and interested in politics. 2. The conflict between John C. Calhoun and Martin Van Buren was Peggy Eaton Affair. 3. Andrew Jackson and the bank of the U.S. resulted in the destruction of the bank and also was caused because Jackson believed that the bank was a concentrated power that was controlled by wealthy aristocrats who did not have the best interests of the american people, but rather themselves and other like-minded aristocrats. 4. Roger Taney's appointment to the Supreme Court was significant because it displayed the Jackson ideal of equal opportunity for all white men even if contracts had to be breached in order to do so. It also showed Taney's belief that the role of a government is for the general happiness of its citizens and abrogating contracts as a method of reaching that general happiness. 5. The key political differences between the Democrats and the whigs were the democrats believed in limited government and in attacking centers of corrupt privilege. Whigs believed in expanded government, more commercial and industrial development and economical union. They were fearful of expansion because they thought it would bring instability to the nation. 6. The election of 1836 resulted in Martin Van Buren's victory as the Democratic candidate and it displayed the unity of the Democrats behind the successor to Andrew Jackson, but also displayed how divided the Whigs were when they sent 4 different candidates to run for president in different regions in order to prevent a majority vote for Van Buren. The election of 1840 resulted in William Henry Harrison's victory and showed how important the concept of party competition had become in the country. The election of 1844 ended with James K. Polk's victory over Henry clay and emphasized the issue of the Oregon Border and the disputes amongst northern expansionists and southern expansionists.

__Capitalism in America__
Definition of Economy= the system of production and distribution of goods, labor and currency in a geographic region. Different societies during different periods used different systems for trade, buying, selling etc. Example: Egyptians bartered goods such as animals for other goods. I think capitalism is a system that promotes innovation and allows individuals to rise to fame and success instead of the alternative where the government controls the means of production and there is hardly any innovation or competition. However, capitalism also comes with greed and conflicts between different social classes in the social pyramid because one class is almost always trying to take advantage of another class. __Elements of the Economy__ 1. Consumer Dollars 2. Workers 3. Means of Production. Banks. Government rules and regulations? In communisim the government controls the means of production, not private institutions. 4. How much should the government be involved. Lasseiz Faire= to let do. Hands off for government. Adam Smith's book __The Wealth of Nation__ is an influential book in U.S. economic policy. He argued for free markets, little government intervention and the invisible hand.
 * 1) Free Market Capitalism is a system in which government intervention is limited and the market is allowed to sustain on its own.
 * 2) Encourages competition- a positive.
 * 3) Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and for private profit. Not government run. Capital= money+property.
 * 4) Requires a working class and also a ruling class of members.
 * 5) A negative is that a labor strikes occur at times because workers are unhappy with their working conditions. Stops production. However, is positive because it can lead to better working conditions for workers.
 * 6) Market can fall into recession like the U.S. economy is now because of the fact that there were not any financial regulations.
 * 7) Positive includes innovation and lower prices.
 * 8) Many people are robbed of their money by cheaters such as the Bernie Madoff's and others.
 * America has a mixed economy which combines parts of capitalism and socialism+ sometimes referred to as welfare capitalism. Examples: Food Stamps, Social Security, Unemployment Benefits, regulates business, trade, minimum wage, taxes, individuals and businesses. Etc...**

__Chapter 10 Questions__
1. The demographic changes in America between the 1820s and 1860s was an influx of immigrants from Ireland and Germany. Many of the religious immigrants were catcholic which changed the religious demographic of America. There were more urban poor, an increase in population(1820-1840) and (1840-1860) there was a decrease in birthrate in Urban cities b/c of medical advancements such as birthcontrol. 2. The Erie Canal connected Chicago River to Lake Erie and was faster and more efficient and the early railroads changed America it generated boom in growing water routes to west because. Northeast created them and it connected NY and the Ohio River and increased white settlement because there was easier accesss to the West, also helped in isolating the South from the North b/c the canals and railroads did not travel to the South. 3. An industrial Revolution is a major change in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology that results in more industries, more commercialization and changes in the culture of a region. Mainly occured in Northern U.S. Irish immigrants Catholic; German+Americans Protestants. Social Effects: Inequalitiy amongst classes, nativism towards immigrants, growing discord between the North and South, quicker communication between Northeast+ Northwest. Urbanization and Industrialization. Changes in the role of women in society such as the Cult of Domesticity. Easier labor. More women and children in the workforce. Industrial Revolution shifts America into a more modern economy through the organized businesses and economic structure. __ 3 most important advancements in communication+ technology __ Steam Cylinder rotary press- helped make newspapers quickly and more newspapers in the Northeast than South fueled sectional discord between the two regions, 4. Business, industry and labor changed in the middle of the 19th century by developing a... 5. The Northeast and the Northwest became more interdependent and the South more isolated due to their mutual connection because of railroads and the fact that many farmers left the farm and traveled to factories in the mid 1900s. Also the higher number of newspapers in urban northeastern cities further isolated the South. The telegraph, the steam cylinder rotary press and the railroads united the northeast and northwest through communication and journalism but further isolated the South. 6. Women in mid 19th century had little to no rights and were dominated by the male figures in their life (Husband, father). It was also very rare to see the education of women. __**Cult of Domesticity**__ __**Republican Motherhood**__
 * Telegraph-linked distant cities, created by Samuel Morse in 1844, but reinforced the separation between the North and South.
 * Railroads- eventually became the primary transportation of U.S. replacing canals and other forms of transportation. It also helped weaken the connection between the Northwest and South by it decreasing the West's dependence on Mississippi.
 * Capitalist economy
 * An advanced industry that used water powered machines.
 * The economy created enormous wealth and large inequality between different social classes.
 * Led to cheap labor from immigrants. Shifted from native workforce to immigrant workforce b/c immigrants were cheaper and had less leverage than women.
 * Women would teach kids morality+ religion.
 * The home was a refuge from the competitive marketplace.
 * This way of life left women detached to the public world and allowed women = to focus on material comfort and "womens values."
 * Occured mostly in the Northeast.
 * A response to the social changes of industrialization
 * **The concept before, during and after the industrial revolution that a mother's role was to promote republicanism in their child and raise ideal citizens of the U.S.**
 * **Women became more respected through the necessity for them in the family structures.**
 * **Women were more educated because if they weren't educated then they couldn't raise civilized, intelligent, patriotic children.**
 * **Stressed more education for women. Mothers would be teachers of the youth.**