Unit+6

__Order of U.S. Involvement in World War I(1/31/11)__ == =﻿__Post World War I America__=
 * 1) U.S. declared neutrality in the fight between Great Britain and Germany.
 * 2) [[image:http://www.galenfrysinger.com/europe/germany01.jpg width="260" height="330" caption="No explanation needed"]][[image:http://www.enchantedlearning.com/europe/britain/Flagbig.GIF width="250" height="162" align="left"]]
 * 3) The U.S. gradually supported Britain and the Alliance rather than Germany and the central powers.
 * 4) The U.S. entered WW I on April 1917 following the zimmerman telegram, the fall of the czarist regime in Russia(Russian Revolution+ the U.S. would be spared the embarrasement of allying themselves w/ a despotic monarchy) and most importantly: The rise in Germany's use of submarine warfare, which was seen as barbaric.[[image:http://www.unpbf.org/images/Russia.gif width="298" height="193"]]
 * 5) Germany torpedoed 3 American ships and on April 2 1917 President Woodrow Wilson addressed Congress and asked for a declaration of war.
 * 6) [[image:http://ladyraine.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/german-u-boat-night.jpg width="327" height="221"]]
 * Economic Recession
 * Increased racial tension and violence(lynchings, Chicago Race Riots)
 * Increased strikes by workers(Ex: Boston Police Strike 1919)
 * Increase in radicalism and antiradicalism.
 * 19th amendment guarranteeing women the right to vote.

=﻿__Chapter 24-"Roaring Twenties"__= Exciting, busy, powerful, crowded, prosperous. Growth, cities =__Chapter 24 Notes__= =__﻿The Self-Made Man__=
 * Affluence-Wealthy, prosperous, successful
 * Conservatism-Lack of government regulation, control, maintaining the status quo. Looking to keep things the same.
 * Cultural Frivolity- carefree.
 * 1920s had a great deal of tension btwn older, more traditional individuals and younger more liberal Americans.
 * 1919 was 18th amendment,1920s is a decade of prohibition. Alcohol black market, crime, excitement, and more illegal activity.
 * 1920 19th amendment-women obtain the right to vote.
 * Parties, dancing, music, jazz clubs, freedom, fun.
 * 1920s focuses on domestic issues, countries struggling to recover from World War I. Domestic oriented period.
 * __Consumerism__
 * Things are on an upswing until 1929. The Great Depression.
 * [[file:2-Column Notes pg. 641.docx]]
 * During the 1920s there was a great deal of technological and economic growth. There was radio, and early computers. Technological growth led to economic boom.
 * `Women and minorities in the workforce were denied union representation.
 * "Welfare Capitalism-" System in which employers shortened the workweek, raised wages, and instituted paid vacations.
 * Hard Times for Organized Labor(644)- b/c unions were conservative and failed to adapt to the realities of the modern economy.
 * "Pink Collar Jobs(644)- low paying service occupations w/ many of same problems as manufacturing employment. Large numbers of women worked as secretarie, salesclerks, telephone operators, and other underpaid jobs.
 * **A Philip Randolph(645)-** Founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He increased wages, shorter working hours+other benefits for balcks. Enlisted the union in battles for civil rights for AA's.
 * **Protecting the Open Shop(645)-** Euphemistically titled "The American Plan," received endorsement of National Association of Manufacturers in 1920+became a prerequisite for a harsh mov'ts of union busting across the country.
 * **Mechanized Farming(646)-** American farming began to embrace technology for increasing production. The number of tractors increased, now being powered by internal combustion engines+sophisticated combines and harvesters were proliferating, helping to make it possible to produce more crops w/ fewer workers.
 * **"Parity"(646)-** A complicated formula for buying for setting an adequate price for farm goods+ensuring farmers would earn back at least their production costs no matter how the national or world agricultural market might fluctuate. Supporters of parity called for high tariffs against foreign agricultural goods+a gov't commitment to buy excess domestic crops+sell them abroad at whatever the market would bring.
 * **McNary-Haugen Bill(647)-** the legislative expression for parity that was supported heavily by Congress and passed in 1926+1928, but President Coolidge vetoed the bill requiring parity for grain, cotton, tobacco, and rice.
 * **Growing Mass-Consumption(647)-** Middle-class families purchased refrigerators, washing machines, electric irons+ vacuum cleaners. Above all, Americans bought automobiles.
 * **The Man Nobody Knows(648)-** One of the most successful books of the 1920s by advertising exec. Bruce Barton. He portrayed Jesus Christ as a religious prophet+ a super "salesman." Who picked up 12 men from the bottom of business into an organization that conquered the world.
 * **Mass-Circulation Magazines(648)-** attracted broad, national support. Some appealed to rural, small town families reflecting the desire for a return to old times. Some magazines described the new modern, urban life and //Reader's Digest// and //Time Magazine// sought to condense the news of the week into a brief, accessible, lively format for busy ppl who didn't have time to read newspapers.
 * The idea: someone who through hardwork and talent creates prosperity for themself. Not luck or inheritance. Main Idea: During this period people were too dependent on others in order to rise and make themselves someone or something. They lived in a welfare capitalist society that depended heavily on someone others. ﻿ Away from hardwork and talent and more towards education.
 * __ The Cinema- ﻿U.S. __ first nation to create a film industry. U.S. films dominated U.S. and most of the world market. Other nations attempted to combat U.S. film industry(ex:Soviet Unions porcupine). American films were banned in France. Spread of theater helped increase the market for American films abroad. filmmaking has flourished worldwide despite American dominance. (Ex: India, London). Other european and asian nations had an impact on U.S. independent film market. American films have become less American w/ non-American actors+directors and more movies being shot abroad. Hollywood still dominates world-wide filmmaking, but is now part of a global community.
 * __ Dance Halls- __ many Americans especially elders wanted to escape inhibitions of traditional public culture, wanted freedom and excitement. Dance craze b/c of AA migration and publicity of photograph and radios. 1920s=young working class immigrant communities. Chance to mingle w/ 100s even thousands of strangers. Even though most ppl were in dance halls most ppl were segregated.
 * __ Social Changes of the 1920s- __ Dance halls, movies, radios, films, cinematography,

media type="custom" key="8327448" width="130" height="130" =﻿__Chapter 25 Preview__= =**__Chapter 25 Notes__**= __**Reconstruction Finance Coporation(686)-**__ **Jan.1932, RFC was a gov't agency that provided federal loans to troubled banks, railroads,+other businesses. Doesn't the federal reserve do this? Why is a separate agency necessary? Had a large budget of 1.5 billion(1932). Failed to deal w/ real problems of economy+lent mainly to large banks+corporations. Didn't spend all of its money+didn't have a significant impact on Depression. ** __**Demise of the Bonus Army(687)-**__ **An incident involving veterans of WWI who wanted their war bonuses early. HH refused and the veterans refused to leave Washington. General David MacArthur disobeyed president HH and led 3rd calvary w/ infantry regiments, machine gun detachment, and six tanks+ordered soldiers to burn the area. 100 marchers injured.** __**This incident served as the final blow to Hoovers already battered political standing.**__ __**1932 Election(689)-**__**FDR won in a landslide. Won 57.4% of pop.vote to HH 39.7%. In the electoral college HH carried PA, CT, VA, NH, and Maine. FDR won every other state. Dems won majorities in both houses. __Was a broad+convincing mandate__.**
 * Stock Market Boom
 * Black Tuesday. I have heard of this, this is the day that the stock market crashed.
 * Lack of diversification=lack of production of dependency on different industries.
 * Maldistribution of Wealth- too much power was concentrated on the employers rather than workers, and consumers.
 * Declining Exports= A cause of the Great Depression.
 * Unstable International Debt Structure
 * Banking Collapse
 * Unemployment. 25% unemployement. Unemployment based on ppl who want a job, but can't obtain one.
 * African Americans and the Depression
 * Mexican Americans in Depression America faced discrimination. I imagine in this period since they were already hated for their threat to jobs, they were probably even more hated since no one could find work.
 * Women were seen as unfit and unapproved for work. There was increased female employment.
 * __Belief in Personal Responsibility(672)-__ Many Americans felt helpless and men felt deeply ashamed for not being employed, which was seen as a symbol of masculinity.**
 * __"Dust Bowl"(674)-__ Beginning in 1930, the area stretching north from Texas into the Dakotas. Essentially, a drought area. Dust storms were a common occurrence in these areas.**
 * "Okies(674)"- The nickname of families from the Dustbowl, since most families were from Oklahoma.**
 * __Scottsboro Case__(675)- March 31, when 9 blacks were accused of raping 2 white women on a freight train. Evidence displayed that the women had not been raped+were frightened and lied. An all-white jury in Alabama convicted the men+sentenced 8 of them to death. The International Labor Defense&the NAACP worked to free all of the defendent all the way until 1950.**
 * __Failure of Voluntarism(686)-__ HH asked leaders of labor, business+agriculture to do such things as forgo demands of better wages+hours and urged a program of voluntary cooperation for recovery. By mid 1931, economic structures broke down so much that voluntary cooperation collapsed.**
 * Agricultural Marketing Act(686)- April 1929 by HH, which established 1st majorgov't program to help farmers maintain prices. Federally sponsored Farm Board would make loans to national marketing cooperatives/establish coperations to buy surpluses+raise prices.**
 * __gfBanking Crisis(689)-__ Event a month before inauguration, depositors were withdrawing their money in panic; banks closing+declaring bankruptcy. HH wanted Roosevelt to ensure that there would be no tinkering w/ the currency, no heavy borrowing, no unbalancing of the budget. FDR refused.**

=__Causes of the Economic Bust during Depression Times__= =﻿__Herbert Hoover__= For homework chapter 25 questions focus on #3 the rest can be bulleted.
 * Overproduction
 * Maldistribution of wealth- a small percentage was making the money of economy.
 * Lack of Diversification relied too much construction and automobiles.
 * Brokerage firms encouraged offering easy credit or bad loans. ﻿ Banks were lending out too high of a % of their assets.
 * Declining Exports w/.Europe
 * The Roaring Twenties. Period of Consumerism and affluence.
 * Decline in the demand for American goods. After a certain amount of time the European nations were able to recover and demand for U.S. goods declined.
 * International Debt Structure--an outgrowth of WWI.
 * Ppl overspeculating in the stock market and assumed things were going to get better and better.
 * The Stock market crash
 * millionare b/c of mine company.
 * Seen as a big business republican who didn't relate to the common man.
 * Herbert Hoover wouldn't have liked industry nowadays.
 * HH was a workaholic. The economy in Oct.1929 tanked and hurt HH in the presidency.
 * Believed in voluntarism.
 * America truly hated+disliked HH.
 * The Bonus marchers in Washington involving Macarthur.
 * Roosevelt offered hope for the ppl, while Hoover did not offer any hope.
 * If the shoe was on the other foot, things wouldn't have changed much is the point historians have tried to state w/ the relationship among Hoover and FDR.
 * There were a great deal of foreclosures.
 * Hawley-Smott Tariff- mistake b/c foreign nations put a tariff on U.S. goods b/c of the tariff. He also got $423 million for federal public works programs.**



=﻿__Chapter 26 Preview__= =__Chapter 26 Notes__= (Notes pg.694-699) Launching the New Deal(694) Restoring Confidence(694) Agricultural Adjustment(694) Industrial Recovery(695)
 * Roosevelt's personality-one of a charismatic, likeable individual.
 * Bank Holiday- Roosevelt probably gave discounts and relief to banks on certain days or events.
 * AAA-
 * Rural Electrification- made electric power.
 * 1) FDR 1st task when taking the presidency was constructing an ambitious+diverse piece of legislation.
 * 1) Roosevelts Personality- He had a relentlessly positive personality and image. His "fireside chats" helped build public confidence in the administration.
 * 2) Bank Holiday-Day on March 6,1933 two days after taking office FDR closed all American banks for 4 days to gather Congress for a special session to discuss banking reform legislation. Banking holiday was the euphemism used by FDR+ it __created a general sense of relief.__
 * 3) __Prohibition Repealed-__ Prohibition=1 of the most divisive issue of 1920s. He supported and signed a bill for the sale and manufacture of beer w/a 3.2 alcohol content; one that passed once the 21st amendment passed repealing prohibition.
 * 1) AAA- the Agricultural Adjustment Administration was an organization which was passed 1st in May 1933 by the Agricultural Adjustment Administration Act. Most impt __was its provision for reducing crop production to end agricultural surpluses and halt downward spiral of farm prices. And__ it had a prov
 * 2) Rural Electrification- More successful than the Farm Security Administration created in 1937. It was created in 1935+worked to make electric power available for the 1st time to thousands of farmers through utility cooperatives.
 * 1) NRA- Stands for National Recovery Administration under the control of Hugh S. Johnson and it established a set of codes for every major business of the U.S. It failed and it's goals were not met due to poor writing of the codes and lack of manpower in order to administer the codes.
 * 2) Section 7(a)- A section of the National industrial Recovery Act which guaranteed workers the right to form unions and engage in collective bargaining+encouraged many workers to join unions for the 1st time. The Section contained no enforcement mechanism, and thus the wage increases+other desires were denied to workers by employers.

Regional Planning(697) Currency, Banks, and the Stock Market(698) The Growth of Federal Relief(698)
 * 1) TVA- Tennessee Valley Authority was created in May 1933 following the downfall of the great utility empire of electricity magnate Samuel Insull due to charges of corruption. __It was authorized to complete the dam at Muscle Shoals(Tennessee River in Alabama)+build others in the area+ to generate+sell electricity from them to the public at reasonable rates. It was also intented to stop the disastrous flooding in the valley, for encouraging the development of local industries, for supervising a substantial program of reforestation+for helping farmers improve productivity.Opposition by conservatives blocked many of the social planning projects proposed by the visionary TVA administrators. It revitalized the region by:__ ﻿improving water transportation, eliminated flooding in the region, and provided electricity to thousands who had never before had it. The TVA made no serious effort to challenge local customs and racial prejudices.
 * 1) Glass-Steagall Act(698)-June 1933 gave the gov't power to curb irresponsible speculation by banks. __Established Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which guaranteed all bank deposits up to $2,500.__
 * 2) SEC- Securities and Exchange Commission established in June of 1934 to police the stock market and it __was an indication of how far the financial establishment had fallen.__ J.P. Morgan during his time could have prevented gov't intervention, his son couldn't even get a hearing on capital hearing.
 * 3) There were a great deal of trials for grand larceny and fraud which eroded the public's view of the financial community further.
 * 1) CWA- Civil Works Administration-Civil Works Administration btwn nov. 1933+April 1934 it put more than 4 million ppl to work on temporary projects. Some of the projects were of lasting value, such as the construction of roads, schools+parks; others were little more than make-work.
 * 2) CCC- Civilian Conservation Corps, designed to provide employment for millions of young men who couldn't find jobs in the cities. They worked on planting trees, building reservoirs, developing parks, and improving agricultural irrigation. They were segregated by race, most jobs went to men women had jobs in low paying jobs such as sewing projects.

=﻿__Movie Notes__= =__Chapter 26:Notes pg.699-715__= __The New Deal in Transition(699-707)__ Critics of the New Deal(699) The "Second New Deal"(700) Labor Militancy(701) Industrial Unionism- approach that advocated all workers in a particular industry should be organized in a single union, regardless of what functions that workers performed. All autoworkers in a single union, all steelworkers in a single union. __This way unions would greatly increase their power. The AFL leaders opposed it, but prominent ppl such as John L. Lewis, the talented, flamboyant, and eloquent leader of the United Mine Workers.__ __CIO-__Created by John L. Lewis renamed the Committee the Congress of Industrial Organizations, established it in 1936 as an organization directly rivaling the AFL w/ John L. Lewis as its 1st president. __Expanded the constituency of the labor mov't, more responsive to women&blacks than AFL b/c women&blacks more likely to get relegated to unskilled worker jobs. By 1936, it was engaged in major organizing battles in automobile and steel industries.__ Organizing Battles(701) Sit-Down Strike-Dec.1936 autoworkers used the controversial&effective new technique known as the sit-down strike. Women and family provided critical by providing food, and other needs. Fed.gov't refused to intervene and G.M. first company to reconize the UAW. __It proved effective for rubber workers&others, but it survived only briefly as a labor technique.__ Organized Labor's Rapid Growth- 1937 alone there were 4,729 w/ 80 percent settled in favor of the unions. By end of the year, more than 8 million workers were members of unions recognized as official bargaaining units by employers. By 1941, it was 10 million. Social Security(703) New Directions in Relief(704) **WPA-Works Progress Administration established in 1935+created a system of work relief for the unemployed. Bigger than earlier agencies in size and budget, and in energy and imagination of its operations. __Led by Harry Hopkins constructed roads and other things and pumped needed money into the economy. Also displayed flexibility and imagination in offering assistance to artists such as musicians and writers.__** The 1936"Referendum"(704) __ Alf Landon- __ The republican nominee during election of 1936. Was a moderate governor of Kansas. He onnly won 36% to Roosevelt's 61% of votes. __Electoral Realignment-__ Following Roosevelt's victory in the election of 1936, the Dems. controlled a wide group of western and southern farmers, the urban working classes, the poor and unemployed, and the black communities of northern cities, as well as traditional progressives and committed new liberals. The New Deal in Disarray(707-709) Roosevelt emerged from 1936 at the peak of popularity but w/in a few months the New Deal faced difficulties due to FDR's own political errors, opposition forces and economic setbacks. The Court Fight(708) Court Packing- A tactic devised by FDR during 1936 yrs in order to fill the Supreme Court w/ more liberal justices and to change the court from conservative to more liberal. Conservatives were angered by the "court-packing plan," and some FDR supporters were disturbed by what they thought was the president's hunger for power. __Court packing did lasting political damage. From 1937 on, S. Democrats+other conservatives voted against Roosevelt's measures much more often than they had in the past.__ Retrenchment and Recession(708) Limits and Legacies of the New Deal(709-715) The Idea of the "Broker State"(709) African Americans and the New Deal(710) "Black Cabinet"- The name given to the blacks appointed to second level w/in the Roosevelt administration such as Robert Weaver, William Hastie and Mary McLeod Bethune. __The result was by 1936 most blacks were voting Democratic the beginning of a political alliance.__ The New Deal and the "Indian Problem"(711)
 * Most historians believe FDR was the greatest president of the 21st century.
 * Had WWII not arrived FDR wouldn't have been able to be elected for an unprecedented 3 terms.
 * Laissez-Farie capitalism in 1932+1932 was seen as a failure and proof that the system doesn't work.
 * 13,000,000 Americans out of work during GD. FDR was seen as a savior for the economy and the U.S.
 * March 4,1933=inauguration day for FDR. __FDR brought "contagious confidence" onto the people and made them believe in themselves.__
 * FDR was fighting a war against the Great Depression. President's forcefullness pushed through a sweeping banking reform legislation.
 * FDR goes on the radio to take action, and he got a banking refrom bill passed in days. __Used Democratic majority in both houses.__
 * __Roosevelt repealed prohibition, taxed alcohol and made ppl happy. 100 Days=__ FDR 1933, a great deal of New Deal programs passed in short time+presidents nowadays are measured by the 1st days.
 * Jobs+agriculture were top 2 priorities. __AAA tried to stablize things by paying farmers to grow less by cutting off production+slaughter some cattle.__
 * __New Deal did not address issues of racial inequality.__ The landlords agreed to cut production and this hur the tenant farmers who were renting the land. Tenant farmers are out of work, migrated to cities where jobs were even scarcer hundreds of thousands of jobs to young men, which made the government the nation's largest employer.
 * June 16,1933 National Recovery Act gave __unprecedented federal control over businesses.__ Planned economy, which is similar to fascism.
 * He pushed a propoganda campaign and believed that he was trying to create jobs and help people.
 * Francis Picket was the 1st woman to serve in the cabinet. He also raised public confidence through the radio.1st time America felt a personal connection w/ a president.media type="custom" key="8419566"
 * Rarely has a president enjoyed as much popularity as FDR did. In spring of 1935 in response to harsh criticisms of his New Deal he launched programs known as the "Second New Deal."
 * __American Liberty League-__ members of the right and corporate America formed in august 1934 by Roosevelt's most fervent and wealthiest opponents, led by members of the Du Point family and their objective was to arouse public opposition to Roosevelt's New Deal programs, which they thought were "dictatorial" and challenged free enterprise. __It was never able to expand much beyond the Northern industrialists who had founded it.__
 * __Townsend plan-__ a plan proposed by Dr. Francis E. Townsend, an elderly California physician who attracted a following of more than 5 million supporters. His plan proposed all Americans over the age of 60 would receive monthly gov't pensions of $200 if they retired(freeing jobs for younger, unemployed Americans) and if they spent it all each month(which would pump much needed money into the economy). __By 1935, the Townsend Plan attracted support of older men +women. Made little progress in Congress, but helped build support for the Social Security system, which Congress approved in 1935.__ What was the final push that convinced Congress to pass Social Security?
 * Huey Long- rose to prominence in Louisiana due to his strident attacks on banks, oil companies, utilities and on the conservative political oligarchies associated with them. Gov. in 1928 launched an assault on opponents that they were left w/ no political power. Some claimed he was a dictator, but he maintained overwhelming support from Louisiana electorate b/c of his flamboyant personality and his successful progressive programs i.e. building roads, schools, etc... Ran for senator in 1930 and was elected easily.
 * Share-Our-Wealth Society- Established in 1934 by Huey P. Long and a poll by DNC in spring of 1935 revealed Long might attract more than 10 percent of the vote if he ran as a 3rd party candidate, possibly enough to tip a close election to the Republicans.
 * National Labor Relations Board- National Labor Relations Act of 1935 would have power to force employers to recognize+bargain w/ legitimate unions. FDR not happy about the bill, but signed it b/c American workers had by 1935 become such an important and vigorous force that he felt his political future depended on responding to their demands.
 * Unemployment Insurance- system created by the social security Act, which employers would finance and which made it possible for workers to receive temporary gov't assistance. Established a limited system of federal aid to ppl w/ disabilities+a program of aid to dependent children. **
 * Roosevelt Recession- What critics called the recession of 1937. To many ppl at the time it was caused by the unwise decision of the gov't to reduce spending. The president asked congress for $5 billion dollars for public works+relief programs, and gov't funds soon began pouring into the economy.
 * End of the New Deal- By the end of 1938 due to congressional opposition and the threat of world crisis in the political environment which the president was growing more concerned w/ convincing the american nation to prepare for war than reform.
 * In 1930s biggest critics were conservatives who blamed Roosevelt for creating a menacing tyrannical nation. In more recent times, liberals blamed New Deals for not helping out impt groups.
 * Establishment of the "Broker State"- The feds during the New Deal was a mediator that helped make things fair for competition and to help the groups and limit the powers of others. Federal gov't protector of interest groups and a supervisor of the competition among them, instead of attempting to create a harmony of interest.
 * Existing Discrimination Reinforced- The New Deal did not challenge existing racial norms. In the CCC there were separate black camps. The Feds refused to provide mortgages to blacks moving into white neighborhoods, and the 1st public housing projects financed by feds were segregated. __The New Deal wasn't hostile to blacks, it helped them advance, but it didn't make race a high priority.__**
 * John Collier- Proposed legislation that would reverse the pressure on Native Americans to assimilate. Promoted the Indian Reorganization Act.**
 * Indian Reorganization Act of 1934- restored to NA tribes the right to own land collectively in 13 yrs since passage of the bill Indian income increased and so did land possessions to 4 million acres. __However even w/ the Act NA continued to possess land Whites did not want(arid land for example). It did provide Indians w/ tools for rebuilding the viability of the tribes.__**

Women and the New Deal(711) The New Deal in the West and the South(712) The New Deal and the National Economy(714) **Failure to Achieve Recovery- The New Deal did not achieve recovery but the economic boom that resulted following the onset of WWII did.** **Federal Welfare State Established- The New Deal established the basis through its many relief programs and through the Social Security system.** The New Deal and American Politics(714) =__Chapter 25 Top Ten__= =__Chapter 26 Top Ten__= __**Predictions**__ AP US History Chapter 27 Questions
 * Symbolic Gains for Women- During New Deal women were in gov't positions&created a network w/in it and worked together to advance interests of women. They were helped by Eleanor Roosevelt and Molly Dewson, head of the Women's Division of the Democratic National Committee.**
 * Prevailing Gender Norms Buttressed-** The ND reinforced belief that during times of distress women ought to withdraw from the workplace to open up jobs for men. Frances Perkins spoke out against "pin-money worker" a woman working to earn extra money for the household. ND relief offered little employment for women.
 * Failure to Challenge Jim Crow-** ND did not challenge racial norms in the S. white Anglos received the most aid; minorities received the least amount of support.
 * New Deal's Legacy in the West-**w/out economic investment much of economic development that transformed the West after WWII would have been much more difficult.
 * New Expectations of Government- The ND __created among American ppl greatly increased expectations of gov't. And turned attention away from cultural issues of 1920s towards economic issues.__ **
 * 1) =Women and the Great Depression- The great depression reinforced the belief that women ought to remain in the home during times of economic peril. When the men were unemployed, the belief amongst most Americans was that women ought not to challenge men for jobs. However, women experienced increased female employment during the Great Depression. Black women faced heavy employment in the South.=
 * 2) **Southern Tenant Farmers Act- Organized by young socialist H.L. Mitchell, attempted to create a biracial coalition of sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and others to demand economic reform. They did not make much progress in establishing socialism as a major force in American politics.**
 * 3) **The Radio- A form of escapism during the GD. Families and friends made a habit of gathering around to hear the stories on the radio. Most radio was broadcast live and gathered a large audience.**
 * 4) **Movies- During the beginning of Great Depression families did not rush to GD as much but following the GD families began to travel to the movies more regularly.**
 * 5) **Voluntarism- Herbert Hoover asked leaders of business, labor+agriculture to adopt a system of cooperation. However, the system failed b/c by 1931 economic conditions had deteriorated so much that structure of voluntary cooperation he had erected collapsed.**
 * 6) **Hoovervilles- The shanty towns that unemployed people established on the outskirts of cities and it symbolized that Americans held Hoover personally responsible for the crisis.**
 * 7) **Reconstruction Finance Corporation- A gov't agency whose purpose was to provide federal loans to troubled banks, railroads+other businesses. Made funds available to local govts to support public workks projects+assist relief efforts.**
 * 8) **Farmers' Holiday Association- A group of unhappy farm owners who supported the withholding of farm products from the market as a sign of protest to their situation.**
 * 9) **Bonus Marchers- A group of retired WWI veterans who wanted their bonus earlier than promised. They were kicked out of Washington by General Douglas MacArthur but the incident was the nail in Hoover's political career.**
 * 10) **The Interregnum- The period btwn the election and the inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Banks began to close and Americans began to withdraw their money from banks. Their was great tension btwn FDR and HH; Hoover wanted assurances that FDR wouldn't do anything.**
 * 1) The Great Depression- A difficult period in the 1930s and in American history. The people of the U.S. were facing unemployment, a government riddled with debt, and collapsing banks. However, through the efforts of the New Deal the American people weathered the storm that was the depression and survived until the onset of World War II; the main cause of the economic boom and the eventual end of the Great Depression
 * 2) New Deal- Name given to the initiatives and programs by the Roosevelt administration during the 1930s. The Civil Works Administration(CWA), Agricultural Adjustment Act(AAA) were just some examples of programs.
 * 3) Unemployment and Relief- During the great depression the unemployment rate was the highest in U.S. history at 25%. However, the president through his New Deal programs helped to lower that margin by a great deal.
 * 4) Discrimination- The New Deal and the Roosevelt administration did little to challenge the racial norms of discrimination and racism in America and particularly in the South. However, the Roosevelt administration did appoint blacks to positions within the government and the term "black cabinet"was used to represent the African Americans working in the Roosevelt administration. Mexican Americans faced discrimination and so did Asian Americans. Both of these groups did not receive relief aid from the government and were oftentimes excluded from the programs.
 * 5) Escapism-During the Great Depression many Americans focused on radios, movies and literature to provide alleviation from the burden and the difficulties of life during the Great Depression. Some literature was controversial, others were romantic.
 * 6) Retreat from Consumerism- The Great Depression forced many families to retreat from the consumerist tendencies that most aptly characterized the 1920s. Women and family units were weakened due to the severity of the Great Depression.
 * 7) Second New Deal- The presidents second attempt at the New Deal b/c of political pressures+economic conditions. The president was now willing to attack corporate interests openly. He also made progress with laborers and employers recognized unions such as Little Steel throughout the U.S. He also established Social Security and work agencies to provide work for unemployed Americans.
 * 8) "Broker State"- The term that the government during the New Deal was deemed due to the fact that the government became a mediator in competition and protector of special interest groups. The broker state in the U.S. did not represent smaller groups who were incapable of demanding assistance or arousing public support. __These groups were the ones who were in the most need for assistance.__
 * 9) New Deal, the role of the government+opposition- The new deal increased the power of the national government and the government provided jobs for the unemployed instead of the private sector. This raised opposition from the right(American Liberty League) and people on the left such as the socialist party. Some people criticized the government labeling it as socialist or communist others deemed the government menacing or tyranical.
 * 10) ﻿Glass Steagall Act-Included the FDIC. Gave government authority to curb irresponsible speculation by banks. Gave insurance established FDIC gave much authority from the Federal Reserve banks to the Federal Reserve Board in Washington.
 * 11) Agricultural Adjustment Act- helping poor farmers.
 * 12) **Social Security Act- Created Social Security providing Americans w/ unemployment**
 * 13) **Securities and Exchange Commission- Oversees the stock market. Polices the stock market.**
 * 14) **NRA- Government planned economy and cries of communisim were part of the criticism of the economy.**
 * 15) **TVA- Tennessee Valley Authority helped develop the South and used natural resources to help bring the South up to speed. Rural electrification act added electricity to the South.**
 * 16) ==**WPA- Biggest new deal program. Created the most jobs and millions of jobs over many years.**==
 * **France is going to fall. Possibly to one of the Axis of powers nations.**
 * **There is going to be shifting public opinion about the war and the U.S. involvement in the war favoring intervention.**
 * **The Third Term Campaign is going to describe FDR's run for the presidency and his success.**
 * **Neutrality Abandoned probably describes the U.S. shift from neutrality to direct involvement in the war.**
 * **Lend-Lease probably signifys the U.S. attempts to acquire funds from the European nations due to their overwhelming debt.**
 * **Germany Invades the USSR- Germany attacks the Soviet Union who was at first the enemy of the U.S.**
 * **The Road to Pearl Harbor describes the events leading up to the attack on Pearl Harbor.**

1) In what ways was America involved in WWII before being bombed at Pearl Harbor? To what extent did this involvement match the “official” foreign policy of the time?  · U.S. provided armaments to the European allied nations.    · U.S. (FDR) Gave England destroyers, circumvented the cash and carry provisions of the Neutrality.
 * September Congress approved the Burke-Wadsworth Act, which brought the first peacetime military draft in U.S. history.
 * Gave allied nations weapons and loans on the basis of the promise that they would return their loans.
 * To a little extent did this involvement match the "official" foreign policy of the time, which was neutrality. During this time period the U.S. declared neutrality while on the otherhand providing weapons and loans to the allied nations.


 * 1) =America during WWII was fairly involved in the affairs of Europe by offering loans and armaments to the allied nations, which to a large extent contradicted their "official" neutral position. The U.S. gave allied nations weapons and loans on the basis of the promise that they would return their loans. Even running the risk of default, the U.S. chose to loan to allied nations regardless. They also gave England destroyers, and circumvented the cash and carry provisions of the earlier Neutrality Act.=

2) What were the steps that led the U.S. to declare war and become officially involved in WWII (include dates when available)?
 * 1) Resentment from payments, Japan entering alliance w/ Germany and Italy, Hitler's invasion of Poland bringing Britain and France into the war, and failure of the Treaty of Versaille.
 * 2) The U.S. declared war in WWII due to tensions from payments by Germany, Japan's alliance w/ the axis powers, Hitler's invasion of Poland and the failure of the Treaty of Versaille. Japan's alliance with the axis powers further antagonized the U.S. due to the fact that the U.S. supported the Allies in the battle against the axis powers. The Treaty of Versailles called for a world league of nations to discuss and prevent future wars, but the U.S. apathy towards union with other nations led to the eventually onset of World War II.

3) What is the difference between isolationism and limited American internationalism? In what ways was America practicing limited American internationalism in the years between the world wars? In the lead up to WWII America practiced limited internationalism to its allies by implementing the cash-carrier system, this was different from isolationism which meant to be isolated and separate from the affairs of other countries. The U.S. was practicing limited American internationalism in the years between the world wars through the Neutrality Acts of 1936 and 1937 and 1935 embargo to establish an arms embargo against both victim and aggressor in any military conflict and empowered the president to warn American citizens. 

<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list 0in .25in; text-indent: -12pt;">4) What were Italy, Germany, and Japan doing to put the world on a path toward another war? ﻿Italy, Germany, and Japan were all collaborating and plotting towards domination of their own separate continents and regions. Japan was attempting to win over Manchuria which was officially a part of China, but a region that Japan continued to attempt to cease economic control over. Not only that, the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor pushed the U.S. into the war. Germany on the other hand, invaded Poland and took over control of France. The also signed the Tripartite Pact which extended the power of the Axis powers further into Asian territory. __Chapter 27 Notes__


 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Fall of France(730)- __June 2, france fell to Germans. 6/10 Mussolini brought Italy into war invading France from South as Hitler attacking from North. 6/22 France fell to the Germans.__
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Shifting Public Opinion(730)- __W/ France defeat+G.B. threatened more Americans Germany as a threat to U.S. sep. approved Burke-Wadsworth Act w/ 1st peacetime military draft U.S. history.__
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Wendell Wilkie(732)- Dynamic, attractive, politically inexperience businessman. Platform little differnet from FDR's to keep country out of war, extend generous assistance to the Allies. No match for Roosevelt&was closer than it had been in 1932/1936. Roosevelt won decisively nonetheless.__
 * 4) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Wendell Wilkie- Ran against Roosevelt in his unprecedented 3rd term bid+came closer than any other candidate but still lost by a great margin.__
 * 5) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tripartite Pac__t- Agreement in which Japan chose to join the Axis of powers and extended the influence of the axis into Asian territory.__ Further antagonized the U.S. from Japan.
 * 6) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Pearl Harbor- Attack where Japanese forces attacked U.S. base in pearl harbor. U.S. unprepared, hundreds of soldiers dead and helped unify Americans towards the war effort.__
 * 7) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Lend-Lease- __System where U.S. could sell or lend armaments to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the U.S."__ U.S. could funnel weapons to G.B. on the basis of nothing other than their promise.
 * 8) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Atlantic Charter- __An agreement that resulted from a secret meeting between the U.S.+G.B. that was a statement of war aims that called for "the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny."__

= __Chapter 27 Top 10 Keyterms__ = > __Chapter 28 Preview__ > > > =__Chapter 28 Notes pgs.740-746__= > __War on Two Fronts(740-743)__ > > > __Containing the Japanese(740)__ > __Holding Off the Germans(740)__ > __America and the Holocaust(742)__ > __The American People In Wartime(743-756)__ > ﻿Prosperity(744) > ﻿The War and the West(744) > Labor and the West(745) > Stabilizing the Boom(745) > Mobilizing Production(745) > Wartime Science and Technology(746-748) > African Americans and the War(748) > Native Americans and the War(749) > Mexican-American War Workers(749) > Women and Children at War(749-751) > Wartime Life and Culture(751-754) > > The Internment of Japanese Americans(754) > Chinese Americans and the War(755) > > > The Retreat from Reform(756) > ﻿The Defeat of the axis(756-765) > By the middle of 1943 the Allies had succeeded in stopping the advances of the Axis in the Pacific+in Europe. The Allies themselves seized the offensive+launched power drives that rapidly led to victory. > ﻿The Liberation of France(756) > > > The Pacific Offensive(759-760) > ﻿Battle of Bulge=Germany's last offensive accomplishment. Battle of Leyte Gulf- Americans won back control of the Phillipines.
 * 1) ## <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Lend-Lease- Would allow U.S. to sell, but to lend or lease armaments to any nation "vital to defense of U.S." U.S. could funnel weapons to England on no more than Britain's promise to return or pay for them when war was over.
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Germany Invades the USSR- June 1941 Germany invaded Russia shattering 1939 Nazi-Soviet pact. Congress extended land-lease privileges to Russia creating future relationship w/ Russia.
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Atlantic Charter(733)- Agreement btwn U.S.+G.B. on war aims to end the "tyranny of Nazi Germany."
 * 4) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tripartite pact(733)- Loose defensive alliance w/ Germany+Italy that extended the Axis into Asia.
 * 5) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tokyo's Decision for War(733)- Japan chose not to reverse its policy towards China+on Nov. 29 it was evident they wouldn't reverse it& attack on U.S. was evident.
 * 6) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Pearl Harbor(733) 12/7/1941, Japanese bombers attacked U.S. base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii+U.S. commanders had no defense against the attack. Unified American people in a fervent commitment to war.
 * 7) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Neutrality Acts- 1935, 1936 and 1937 which were designed to prevent a recurrence of the events that many Americans believed had pressured the U.S. into World War I. 1937 Congress passed the new Neutrality Act which established Cash-and-Carry Policy.
 * 8) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"Quarantine Speech"- Roosevelt declared that Japan ought to be "quarantined" but was vague about what that would entail. Public response to the speech was hostile. The deliberate sinking of the U.S. gunboat //Panay// by the Japanese led to the isolationists seizing eagerly on Japanese protestations that pressured the administration into accepting Japan's apologies and overlooking the attack.
 * 9) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Munich Conference- Sep.29, leaders of France+G.B.+Germany in which they agreed to accept Germany's demands w/ Czekoslavia in return for Hitler's promise to expand no more.
 * 10) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Fall of France- Event that occurred in June of 1941 in which the axis power Germany brought down France w/ the help of Italy. The result was Americans began to see Axis as enemies and threats.
 * 11) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Cash-and-Carry
 * 12) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">- System U.S> used that allowed belligerents to purchase arms for the sale of nonmilitary materials.
 * The U.S. will be unified during the second world war.
 * Their will be dispute over the second front.
 * The Second World War will induce economic recovery.
 * Unions will gain a great deal during this time period.
 * The office of price administration will contribute to creating the Office of Price Administration in order to stabilize the boom in the U.S.
 * Britian and the allies had an advantage in intelligence gathering. Examples: British Ultra project and American Magic operation.
 * In the 1940s there will be a large increase in the number of female employers and limited childcare.
 * [[file:Thesis+Statements+-+2011.doc]]
 * 1) __America was unified__ following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the early years of the U.S. intro in WWII.
 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__The Diplomacy of the New Era(720)-__ Critics of foreign policy used isolationism b/c believed U.S. had abandoned international duties. __However U.S. played a bgger role in international affair than any other time in history.__
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Washington conference of 1921-__ Attempt to prevent a potential costly+destabilizing naval armaments race btwn U.S. Bri
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Kellog-Brand Pact-__ Ended Washington Conference signed on August 27, 1928 by 14 nations, amid great solemnity +wide international acclaim. 48 nations later joined the pact. Contained no instruments of enforcement, but rested on "world opinion"(Kellogg). Outlawed war.
 * 4) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__circular Loans-__ American banks' provide loans to Germans, Britains+France would agree to reduce those payments. Responsible for a growing American economic prescence in Germany. High tariff barriers that the Republican congress had erected were creating more problems.
 * 5) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Economic Expansion in Latin America-__ The U.S. sent large loans to Latin American countries+LAs was incapable of repaying them due to U.S. tariff barriers. __U.S. wanted to increase access to LA's natural resources.__
 * 6) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Manchuria-__ Officially part of China in 1905, but which Japanese maintained effective economic control since 1905. By 1932 conquest of Manchuria was complete.
 * 7) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Failure of America's Interwar Diplomacy(723)- By 1933 U.S. system of volunteerism among nations+on an American refusal to commit itself to the interests of other countries-- had collapsed.
 * 8) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__FDR's "Bombshell"(724)-__ Following World Economic Conference FDR rejected any agreement on Currency stabilization.
 * 9) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act(724)-__ 1934 lowered tariffs by as much as 50% in return for reciprocal reductions. Most of the agreements admitted only products not competitive w/ U.S. agriculture.
 * 10) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Cash-and-Carry(730)-__ established for sale of nonmilitary materials.
 * 1) 10 hrs following their attack on Pear Harbor, Japanese forces attacked Manila in the Phillipines weakening the U.S. power in the Pacific. They also took over Guam.
 * 2) American strategists planned 2 broad initiatives: one led by General Douglas MacArthur to move north from austrailia and eventually to the phillipines the other by Admiral CHester Nimit which would move west from Hawaii to Japanese outposts in the Pacific, eventually both invasions would come together to invade Japan.
 * 3) 1st battle for U.S. was the Battle of the Coral Sea and in June 1942 they took down Japanese vessels and only lost 1 in the end regained control of the Central Pacific.
 * 4) U.S. took offensive months later w/ invasion of 3 islands:Gavutu, Tulagi, and __Guadalcani__ there was great savagery+ferocity in the end Japan was forced to abandon the islands+chance to launch an offensive to the South.
 * 5) In the S. and central Pacific initiative shifted to the U.S. and next process was moving towards Japan+Phillipines itself.
 * 1) The U.S. had less control over the European war effort. General George C. Marshall supported a plan for an allied invasion of France, Soviet Union wanted an invasion as soon as possible b/c __they took the brunt of German war effort.__ British wanted a series of allied invasion around edge of Nazi empire(N.Africa+S.Europe) before invasion of France.
 * 2) Roosevelt did not want to antagonize soviets, but did not want to wait so long before bring American forces into combat. Wanted to maintain good relations w/ Churchill. He supported British plan and on Nov.8,1942 landed in Algeria+Morocco and began to move toward Rommel.
 * 3) Kasserine pass Tunisia U.S. suffered severe loss to Germans, Gen. George S. Patton regrouped American forces+w/ help of U.S. naval+aerial power w/ British attacking from the east under Gen. Bernard Montgomery, the U.S. campaign drove the Germans from Africa in May 1943. __When Soviet Union held off assault at Stalingrad in S. Russia hitler had lost such appaling losses he could not continue his eastern offensive.__
 * 4) Russia lost a great deal of civilians and their countrysides were severly destroyed. Soviet success in holding back Germans convinced Roosevelt to invade Sicily.+argued it would tie up German divisions in France to Italy. On __June 4, 1944__ allies captured Rome.
 * 5) Invasion of Italy postponed invasion of France angering Russians who believed U.S.+G.B. conspiring to let the Soviet Union take brunt of attacks. It also helped in S.U. mov't towards countries in the East.
 * 1) As early as 1942 America learned about Germans campaign to extermite Jews, non-Jewish Poles, gypsies, homosexuals, and communists+__Public pressure was growing to stop the killing or at least rescue some of the Jews.__
 * 2) Americans avoided such pleas as destroying crematorias and destroy the railroad lines leading to camps.
 * 3) There was __Official Anti-Semitism__ from State Department Assistant Secretary Breckinridge Long to prevent Jews from entering the U.S. Chances to help imperiled Jews was either ignored or rejected. The //St. Louis// ship w/ 1,000 escaped Jews was forced to return to Europe.
 * 4) Policy makers argued that bombing railroad lines would do little to stop the Holocaust. They believed the U.S. ought to focus on winning the war.
 * 1) __Not since__ CW did the U.S. undergo a consuming military experience as WWII.
 * 1) WWII brought a __War-Induced Economic Recovery__ onto the U.S. and ending the GD.
 * 2) Federal spending jumped from $9 billion to $100 billion+ demands of wartime production created a shortage of consumer goods, so many wage earners diverted income into savings which would play a major role later on.
 * 1) Gov't spending was most profound in the W. and west coast became launching point for naval war against Japan. __The Pacific Coast had become the center of the growing American aircraft industry.__
 * 2) West went from lightly industrialied to the most impt manufacturing areas of the country+ became the fastest growing region in the nation after the war.
 * 1) War led to the increase in labor employment and Union membership. Also placed limits on ability of unions to fight for their members' demands. "No strike"pledges ensured unions agreed not to stop production during wartime.
 * 2) When Union Mine Workers striked in May 1943+defied the gov't Congress passed over Roosevelt's veto the Smith-Connally Act, which required unions to wait 30 days before striking+empowered president to seize a struck war plant.
 * 1) To enforce the Anti-Inflation Act, the __Office of Price Administration__ Was set up and led 1st by Leon Henderson+ then Chester Bowles. __B/c of its success inflation was a much less serious problem during WWII than in WWI.__
 * 2) The OPA was never popular, there was popular resentment towards its controls over wages+prices; black-marketing and overcharging grew to proportions far beyond OPA policing capacity.
 * 3) From 1941 to 1945 the federal gov't spent a total of $321 billion+ the gov't borrowed about 1/2 the revenues it needed by selling $100 billion worth of bonds.
 * 1) The War Production Board(WPB) was created by Roosevelt to be a superagency w/ broad powers over the economy under the direction of former Sears Roebuck executive Donald Nelson. __It never had as much authority as WWI War Industries Board, and the genial Donald Nelson never displayed administrative or political strength of his 1918 counterpart, Bernard Baruch.__
 * 2) WPB wasn't able to win support and was constantly outmanuevered+frustrated, never able to win control over military purchases. Never able to satisfy complaints of small businesses, who said most of their contracts went to large corporations. Roosevelt transfered the WPB's authority to Office of War Mobilization, directed by Senator James F. Byrnes. The OWM was only slightly more successful than WPB.
 * 3) By beginning of 1944 America was producing more than was needed, the war economy managed to meet almost all the nation's critical war needs.
 * 1) __National Defense Research Committee__ during WWII led to technological and scientific innovations due to the great deal of money poured into research and development.
 * 2) 1st yrs of the war Germany+Japan had advantage b/c Germans had U-boats which were effective in disrupting allied shipping and Japanese aircraft was very lethal and helped w/ the attack on Pearl Harbor.
 * 3) U.S. assembly lines and mass production helped Americans to send ships, tanks, airplanes and other things to the war. They also attempted to equalize naval and aerial warcraft. By 1942 Allied technology matched that of the Axis.
 * 4) __Radar and Sonar weakened the abilities of the German U-boat. It also put allies far in advance of the Axis for radio technology.__ Every techno innovation produced a related innovation to limit damage of new technologies.
 * 5) Germany was never capable of creating enough rockets to shift the balance of military power. Anglo-American antiaircraft technology improved, but could not stop bombing raids altogether.
 * 6) In 1942 Britian+America seized the aerial battle w/ better equipped bomber planes that could fly for longer and further distances+w/ radio systems that allowed them to know when they were close to their target. __This aided in bombing raids of both Germany+Japan.__
 * 7) Most of Allies success was in __Ultra Project run by the British__ The Bombe computer by the British was modified by brilliant British scientist Alan Turing+on __April 15,1940__ it broke the coding of a series of German messages+continued to provide Allies intel till the end of the war. The 1st digital computer the Colossus II was able to decipher an enormous amount of German messages.
 * 8) The American __Magi operation was used in breaking a Japanese coding system like the German Enigma, a mechanical device known to the Allies as Purple.__ Americanshad access to intercepted information that if properly interpreted could have alerted them to the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.
 * 1) Blacks joined armed forces to improve position in society by making demands.
 * 2) A Philip Randolph, president of the black Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, insisted the gov't require companies receiving defense contracts to integrate workforce. To raise support he organized a march on Washington. Roosevelt was afraid of possibility of violence+certainty of embarrassment. He persuaded Randolph to drop the march in exchange for establishment of a Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination against blacks in war industriesThe FEPC's enforcement powers+effectiveness were limited, its creation was a rare symbolic victory for AA's making demands of the gov't;
 * 3) The demand for labor in war plants led to more blacks migrating to urban cities from rural south than the Great Migration. It improved the economic conditions of blacks+led to racial tensions.
 * 4) Congress of Racial Equality(CORE) organized in 1942 to mobilize mass popular resistance to discrimination. Young black leaders helped organize sit-ins+demonstrations in segregated theaters+restaurants.
 * 5) At first army limited blacks to the most menial jobs+barred them from Marine Corps+Army Air Forces. Gradually, military leaders made adjustments b/c of public+political pressures, but also b/c they recognized that these forms of segregation were wasting manpower. Tensions remained and riots broke out, w/in the society at large __traditional pattern of race relations was eroding.__
 * 1) __25,000 NA's served in military during WWII(ex:Ira Hayes). Code-Talkers were working in military communications+speaking their own languages over the radio&telephones.__
 * 2) Some NAs' left the reservation to serve in military+became exposed to white society for 1st time+capitalist society. Others had employment chances available during fighting unavailable after fighting, forcing them to return to reservations.
 * 3) New pressures emerged that called for the end of the reservation system that the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 launched. __John Collier retired.__
 * 1) Large number of Mexican workers entered the U.S. in order to fill labor shortages. U.S.+Mexican gov'ts called for a program in 1942 where //braceros(contract laborers)// would be admitted to the U.S. for a limited time to work at specific jobs+U.S. employers in parts of SW began recruiting Hispanic workers.
 * 2) During WWII mexicans were able to find work in factory jobs.Over 300,000 of them served in the U.S. military.
 * 3) The //Pachucos// hed rebellious style and their stle showeed the defiance toward conventional white, middle-class society. __Their was racial tension btwmn whites +mexicans.__
 * 4) __The zoot Suit Riots__ occurred b/c of animosity of whites toward zoot suitors. Whites beat teens and when Mexicans attempted to retaliate police moved in and arrested them. In the aftermath, LA passed a law prohibiting the wearing of zoot suits.
 * 1) War led to __Dramatic increase in Female Employment.__Wage earning women were usually married, and on the olderthan most women who entered the work force in the past.
 * 2) Women still faced obstacles. Employers also made substantial investments in automated assembly lines to reduce the need for heavy labor.
 * 3) Employers treatedwomen w/ solicitute+patronization which was an obstacle to winning genuine equality w/in the work force.
 * 4) "Rosie the Riveter"symbolized the new impt of the female industrial work force. Women help break down prejudice against working mothers, that had previously kept any of them from paid employment.
 * 5) Most women were employed in service sector jobs. __They worked for the gov't.__
 * 6) __The Limited Child Care__ meant women had to work and take care of the children leaving them at home alone while they worked.
 * 7) Juvenile crime rose in the war yrs.
 * 8) Return of prosperity during the war helped increase rate+lower the age of marriage+many of young marriages were able to survive the pressures of wartime separation. __Divoce rate rose rapidly. The rise in the birth rate that accompanied the increase in marriages was the 1st sign of what became the postwar "babyboom."__
 * 1) War created anxieties fdor families+ business and communities struggled to compensate for shortages of goods+absence of men.
 * 2) The war led to economic good times+ movies, book+theater industry recorded business. //Life// magazine satisfied the insatiable appetite from Americans for pictures and stories of the war.
 * 3) Advertisers+gov't exhorted Americans to support war to ensure a future of material comfort+consumer choice for themselves+children.
 * 4) Soldiers dreamed of returning back home+dreamed of music, food, movies, material comforts. They dreamed of women--wives+girlfirends, but to movie stars+others who became the source of the pinup.
 * 5) Soldiers put pinups inside lockers, infantrymen carried them, pilots named planes female names. Most popular was Betty Grable who was sexually attractive, innocent, young, genteel, the kind many servicemen dreamed of marrying. Thousands of men sent letters to her.
 * 6) USOs employed women to dress well, dance well+chat happily w/ lonely men, to give them a healthy outlet for heterosexual impulses. Military forbade women from dating men in service+"dance brigades" were only allowed to interact w/ men during their social events. The military took measures to root out homosexuals+lesbians from their ranks. They believed "healthy" heterosexuality was more impt than chastity.
 * 1) The gov't only barred Father Coughlin's anti-semitic+pro-fascist //Social Justice// but there was no general censorship of dissident publications. The gov't unlike in WWI left socialists+communists alone.
 * 2) The War led to the blurring of Ethinic Distinctions and also ppl displayed little hostility toward German Americans. They believed enemy was less the German+Italian ppl and more than political systems they had succumbed to.
 * 3) The attack on Pearl Harbor helped reinforce the assessment of the politically, and small group of Japanese ppl.
 * 4) Japanese had long been the target of ethnic+racial animosity; they were unable to dispel prejudice against them no matter how assimilated they became.
 * 5) Pearl Harbor inflamed U.S. animosity+turned them into active animosity.
 * 6) Popular sentiment was more tolerant of isei+Issei than was official sentiment.
 * 7) War Relocation Authority(1942) to oversee the "intern" of the Japanese ppl+taken to "relocation centers" Little different from prisons many located in W.mountains+desert where Japanese could be "Americanized."
 * 8) Like Indian Reservations, the internment camps were a target of white economic aspirations than of missionary work. Governor of Utah, wanted fed. gov't to turn over thousands of Japanese Americans as forced laborers.
 * 9) In 1943 conditions improved, some Japs left camps+went to college, others allowed to move to cities to take factory+service jobs(not on West Coast).
 * 10) 1944 Supreme Court in //Korematsu V. U.S.// that relocation was consitutionally permissible. Barred the internment of "loyal" citizens, but left the interpretation of "loyal" to the discretion of the gov't. In 1944 they were released in 1945 they were permitted to return to the West Coast to experience harassment+persecution.
 * 1) Politically liberals weren't able to enact new programs during the 1st 2 yrs of war.
 * 1) By 1944 devastating Allied strategic bombing against German industry at Leipzig, Dresden, Berlin reduced production + complicated transport; German Luftwaffe forced to retreat to bases w/in Germany itself, weakened it
 * 2) After 2 year buildup in England Supreme Allied Commander Gen Dwight Eisenhower ordered invasion across English Channel into Normandy, France on “D-Day” (June 6, 1944); Allies drove Germans from the coast, by September forced them to retreat from France, Belgium
 * 3) In December Germany counter-attacked during Battle of the Bulge in the Ardennes Forest, but soon repelled; with Soviet advances on Eastern front, Allies began moving into Germany across Rhine
 * 4) April 30 Hitler commits suicide; May 8, 1945 full surrender + “V-E” Day.


 * 1) Through 1944 American navy crippling Japanese shipping and economy in Pacific; on mainland Asia Japan attacking thru Chinese interior trying to cutoff Gen Stilwell’s Burma Road for supplies
 * 2) June 1944 Americans captured Mariana Islands, in September Battle of Leyte Gulf Japanese navy decimated by US sinking of its aircraft carriers; in next few months Japanese fought desperate battles of resistance in Feb at Iwo Jima, in June at Okinawa (used Kamikaze suicide bombers throughout)
 * 3) Many feared bloody island battles would ensue w/ invasion of Japanese mainland, but by 1945 Japanese weakened by firebombing in Tokyo, shelling of industrial centers; moderates in govt trying to sue peace against will of military leaders wanting to continue fight.

The Manhattan Project(760-761)


 * 1) After news in 1939 that Nazis pursuing atomic bomb, US and +GB began race to develop one before them; work based on discovery of uranium radioactivity by Enrico Fermi 1930s+ Einstein’s theory of relativity.
 * 2) Army took over control of research and poured billions of $ into Manhattan Project which gathered scientists to create nuclear chain reactions w/ a bomb.
 * 3) On July 16 1945 the plutonium bomb Trinity, created by scientist Robert Oppenheimer at the Los Alamos Laboratory, successfully tested.

Atomic Warfare(761-765)


 * 1) Pres Truman issues ultimatum to Japanese for “unconditional surrender” by Aug 3rd or face annihilation; after Jap moderates unable to convince military leaders to accept Truman ordered use of atomic weapon.
 * 2) Some argue atomic weapon unnecessary b/c in time Japs would have sued for peace; others argue only atomic bomb could convince radical military leaders that surrender necessary. Truman saw weapon as military device that could end war quickly, but some say he used it to intimidate Stalin and Soviets.
 * 3) August 6, 1945 bomber Enola Gay dropped atomic weapon on Japanese city Hiroshima, killing 80,000 civilians; because Jap govt didn’t respond, on August 8 second atomic bomb dropped on city of Nagasaki killing 100,000.
 * 4) By Aug 14 emperor agreed to surrender; September 2, 1945 Japan signed articles of surrender (“V-J Day”) marking end of WWII.
 * 5) 14 million combatants had died during war, even more civilians; threat of nuclear war loomed between two emerging super-powers in US and Soviet Union.