Unit+7


 * [[file:Chapter 27 2-Column Notes.docx]]

__ AP US History __ __ Chapter 27 Questions __

1) In what ways was America involved in WWII before being bombed at Pearl Harbor? To what extent did this involvement match the “official” foreign policy of the time?  · U.S. provided armaments to the European allied nations.    · U.S. (FDR) Gave England destroyers, circumvented the cash and carry provisions of the Neutrality.
 * September Congress approved the Burke-Wadsworth Act, which brought the first peacetime military draft in U.S. history.
 * Gave allied nations weapons and loans on the basis of the promise that they would return their loans.
 *  To a little extent did this involvement match the "official" foreign policy of the time, which was neutrality. During this time period the U.S. declared neutrality while on the otherhand providing weapons and loans to the allied nations.

=**America during WWII was fairly involved in the affairs of Europe by offering loans and armaments to the allied nations, which to a large extent contradicted their "official" neutral position. The U.S. gave allied nations weapons and loans on the basis of the promise that they would return their loans. Even running the risk of default, the U.S. chose to loan to allied nations regardless. They also gave England destroyers, and circumvented the cash and carry provisions of the earlier Neutrality Act.** =

2) What were the steps that led the U.S. to declare war and become officially involved in WWII (include dates when available)?
 * 1) Resentment from payments, Japan entering alliance w/ Germany and Italy, Hitler's invasion of Poland bringing Britain and France into the war, and failure of the Treaty of Versaille.
 * 2) The U.S. declared war in WWII due to tensions from payments by Germany, Japan's alliance w/ the axis powers, Hitler's invasion of Poland and the failure of the Treaty of Versaille. Japan's alliance with the axis powers further antagonized the U.S. due to the fact that the U.S. supported the Allies in the battle against the axis powers. The Treaty of Versailles called for a world league of nations to discuss and prevent future wars, but the U.S. apathy towards union with other nations led to the eventually onset of World War II.

3) What is the difference between isolationism and limited American internationalism? In what ways was America practicing limited American internationalism in the years between the world wars? In the lead up to WWII America practiced limited internationalism to its allies by implementing the cash-carrier system, this was different from isolationism which meant to be isolated and separate from the affairs of other countries. The U.S. was practicing limited American internationalism in the years between the world wars through the Neutrality Acts of 1936 and 1937 and 1935 embargo to establish an arms embargo against both victim and aggressor in any military conflict and empowered the president to warn American citizens.

4) What were Italy, Germany, and Japan doing to put the world on a path toward another war? ﻿Italy, Germany, and Japan were all collaborating and plotting towards domination of their own separate continents and regions. Japan was attempting to win over Manchuria which was officially a part of China, but a region that Japan continued to attempt to cease economic control over. Not only that, the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor pushed the U.S. into the war. Germany on the other hand, invaded Poland and took over control of France. The also signed the Tripartite Pact which extended the power of the Axis powers further into Asian territory.  __Chapter 27 Notes__


 * 1) Fall of France(730)- __June 2, france fell to Germans. 6/10 Mussolini brought Italy into war invading France from South as Hitler attacking from North. 6/22 France fell to the Germans.__
 * 2) Shifting Public Opinion(730)- __W/ France defeat+G.B. threatened more Americans Germany as a threat to U.S. sep. approved Burke-Wadsworth Act w/ 1st peacetime military draft U.S. history.__
 * 3) __Wendell Wilkie(732)- Dynamic, attractive, politically inexperience businessman. Platform little differnet from FDR's to keep country out of war, extend generous assistance to the Allies. No match for Roosevelt&was closer than it had been in 1932/1936. Roosevelt won decisively nonetheless.__
 * 4) __Wendell Wilkie- Ran against Roosevelt in his unprecedented 3rd term bid+came closer than any other candidate but still lost by a great margin.__
 * 5) Tripartite Pac__t- Agreement in which Japan chose to join the Axis of powers and extended the influence of the axis into Asian territory.__ Further antagonized the U.S. from Japan.
 * 6) __Pearl Harbor- Attack where Japanese forces attacked U.S. base in pearl harbor. U.S. unprepared, hundreds of soldiers dead and helped unify Americans towards the war effort.__
 * 7) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Lend-Lease- __System where U.S. could sell or lend armaments to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the U.S."__U.S. could funnel weapons to G.B. on the basis of nothing other than their promise.
 * 8) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Atlantic Charter- __An agreement that resulted from a secret meeting between the U.S.+G.B. that was a statement of war aims that called for "the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny."__

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">** __Chapter 27 Top 10 Keyterms__ ** = <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">## <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Lend-Lease- Would allow U.S. to sell, but to lend or lease armaments to any nation "vital to defense of U.S." U.S. could funnel weapons to England on no more than Britain's promise to return or pay for them when war was over.
 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Germany Invades the USSR- June 1941 Germany invaded Russia shattering 1939 Nazi-Soviet pact. Congress extended land-lease privileges to Russia creating future relationship w/ Russia.
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Atlantic Charter(733)- Agreement btwn U.S.+G.B. on war aims to end the "tyranny of Nazi Germany."
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tripartite pact(733)- Loose defensive alliance w/ Germany+Italy that extended the Axis into Asia.
 * 4) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tokyo's Decision for War(733)- Japan chose not to reverse its policy towards China+on Nov. 29 it was evident they wouldn't reverse it& attack on U.S. was evident.
 * 5) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Pearl Harbor(733) 12/7/1941, Japanese bombers attacked U.S. base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii+U.S. commanders had no defense against the attack. Unified American people in a fervent commitment to war.
 * 6) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Neutrality Acts- 1935, 1936 and 1937 which were designed to prevent a recurrence of the events that many Americans believed had pressured the U.S. into World War I. 1937 Congress passed the new Neutrality Act which established Cash-and-Carry Policy.
 * 7) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"Quarantine Speech"- Roosevelt declared that Japan ought to be "quarantined" but was vague about what that would entail. Public response to the speech was hostile. The deliberate sinking of the U.S. gunboat //Panay// by the Japanese led to the isolationists seizing eagerly on Japanese protestations that pressured the administration into accepting Japan's apologies and overlooking the attack.
 * 8) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Munich Conference- Sep.29, leaders of France+G.B.+Germany in which they agreed to accept Germany's demands w/ Czekoslavia in return for Hitler's promise to expand no more.
 * 9) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Fall of France- Event that occurred in June of 1941 in which the axis power Germany brought down France w/ the help of Italy. The result was Americans began to see Axis as enemies and threats.
 * 10) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Cash-and-Carry
 * 11) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">- System U.S> used that allowed belligerents to purchase arms for the sale of nonmilitary materials.

__Chapter 28 Preview__


 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The U.S. will be unified during the second world war.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Their will be dispute over the second front.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Second World War will induce economic recovery.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Unions will gain a great deal during this time period.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The office of price administration will contribute to creating the Office of Price Administration in order to stabilize the boom in the U.S.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Britian and the allies had an advantage in intelligence gathering. Examples: British Ultra project and American Magic operation.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In the 1940s there will be a large increase in the number of female employers and limited childcare.
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">[[file:Thesis+Statements+-+2011.doc]]

> =<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**__Chapter 28 Notes pgs.740-746__** = > __War on Two Fronts(740-743)__ > __Containing the Japanese(740)__ __Holding Off the Germans(740)__
 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__America was unified__ following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the early years of the U.S. intro in WWII.
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__The Diplomacy of the New Era(720)-__ Critics of foreign policy used isolationism b/c believed U.S. had abandoned international duties. __However U.S. played a bgger role in international affair than any other time in history.__
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Washington conference of 1921-__ Attempt to prevent a potential costly+destabilizing naval armaments race btwn U.S. Bri
 * 4) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Kellog-Brand Pact-__ Ended Washington Conference signed on August 27, 1928 by 14 nations, amid great solemnity +wide international acclaim. 48 nations later joined the pact. Contained no instruments of enforcement, but rested on "world opinion"(Kellogg). Outlawed war.
 * 5) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__circular Loans-__ American banks' provide loans to Germans, Britains+France would agree to reduce those payments. Responsible for a growing American economic prescence in Germany. High tariff barriers that the Republican congress had erected were creating more problems.
 * 6) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Economic Expansion in Latin America-__ The U.S. sent large loans to Latin American countries+LAs was incapable of repaying them due to U.S. tariff barriers. __U.S. wanted to increase access to LA's natural resources.__
 * 7) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Manchuria-__ Officially part of China in 1905, but which Japanese maintained effective economic control since 1905. By 1932 conquest of Manchuria was complete.
 * 8) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Failure of America's Interwar Diplomacy(723)- By 1933 U.S. system of volunteerism among nations+on an American refusal to commit itself to the interests of other countries-- had collapsed.
 * 9) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__FDR's "Bombshell"(724)-__ Following World Economic Conference FDR rejected any agreement on Currency stabilization.
 * 10) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act(724)-__ 1934 lowered tariffs by as much as 50% in return for reciprocal reductions. Most of the agreements admitted only products not competitive w/ U.S. agriculture.
 * 11) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Cash-and-Carry(730)-__ established for sale of nonmilitary materials.
 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">10 hrs following their attack on Pear Harbor, Japanese forces attacked Manila in the Phillipines weakening the U.S. power in the Pacific. They also took over Guam.
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">American strategists planned 2 broad initiatives: one led by General Douglas MacArthur to move north from austrailia and eventually to the phillipines the other by Admiral CHester Nimit which would move west from Hawaii to Japanese outposts in the Pacific, eventually both invasions would come together to invade Japan.
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1st battle for U.S. was the Battle of the Coral Sea and in June 1942 they took down Japanese vessels and only lost 1 in the end regained control of the Central Pacific.
 * 4) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">U.S. took offensive months later w/ invasion of 3 islands:Gavutu, Tulagi, and __Guadalcani__ there was great savagery+ferocity in the end Japan was forced to abandon the islands+chance to launch an offensive to the South.
 * 5) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In the S. and central Pacific initiative shifted to the U.S. and next process was moving towards Japan+Phillipines itself.

__America and the Holocaust(742)__
 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The U.S. had less control over the European war effort. General George C. Marshall supported a plan for an allied invasion of France, Soviet Union wanted an invasion as soon as possible b/c __they took the brunt of German war effort.__British wanted a series of allied invasion around edge of Nazi empire(N.Africa+S.Europe) before invasion of France.
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Roosevelt did not want to antagonize soviets, but did not want to wait so long before bring American forces into combat. Wanted to maintain good relations w/ Churchill. He supported British plan and on Nov.8,1942 landed in Algeria+Morocco and began to move toward Rommel.
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Kasserine pass Tunisia U.S. suffered severe loss to Germans, Gen. George S. Patton regrouped American forces+w/ help of U.S. naval+aerial power w/ British attacking from the east under Gen. Bernard Montgomery, the U.S. campaign drove the Germans from Africa in May 1943. __When Soviet Union held off assault at Stalingrad in S. Russia hitler had lost such appaling losses he could not continue his eastern offensive.__
 * 4) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Russia lost a great deal of civilians and their countrysides were severly destroyed. Soviet success in holding back Germans convinced Roosevelt to invade Sicily.+argued it would tie up German divisions in France to Italy. On __June 4, 1944__ allies captured Rome.
 * 5) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Invasion of Italy postponed invasion of France angering Russians who believed U.S.+G.B. conspiring to let the Soviet Union take brunt of attacks. It also helped in S.U. mov't towards countries in the East.

__The American People In Wartime(743-756)__
 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">As early as 1942 America learned about Germans campaign to extermite Jews, non-Jewish Poles, gypsies, homosexuals, and communists+__Public pressure was growing to stop the killing or at least rescue some of the Jews.__
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Americans avoided such pleas as destroying crematorias and destroy the railroad lines leading to camps.
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">There was __Official Anti-Semitism__ from State Department Assistant Secretary Breckinridge Long to prevent Jews from entering the U.S. Chances to help imperiled Jews was either ignored or rejected. The //St. Louis// ship w/ 1,000 escaped Jews was forced to return to Europe.
 * 4) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Policy makers argued that bombing railroad lines would do little to stop the Holocaust. They believed the U.S. ought to focus on winning the war.

Prosperity(744)
 * 1) <span style="color: #ff0000; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Not since__ CW did the U.S. undergo a consuming military experience as WWII.

The War and the West(744)
 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">WWII brought a __War-Induced Economic Recovery__ onto the U.S. and ending the GD.
 * 2) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Federal spending jumped from $9 billion to $100 billion+ demands of wartime production created a shortage of consumer goods, so many wage earners diverted income into savings which would play a major role later on.

Labor and the West(745)
 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Gov't spending was most profound in the W. and west coast became launching point for naval war against Japan. __The Pacific Coast had become the center of the growing American aircraft industry.__
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">West went from lightly industrialied to the most impt manufacturing areas of the country+ became the fastest growing region in the nation after the war.

Stabilizing the Boom(745)
 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">War led to the increase in labor employment and Union membership. Also placed limits on ability of unions to fight for their members' demands. "No strike"pledges ensured unions agreed not to stop production during wartime.
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">When Union Mine Workers striked in May 1943+defied the gov't Congress passed over Roosevelt's veto the Smith-Connally Act, which required unions to wait 30 days before striking+empowered president to seize a struck war plant.

Mobilizing Production(745)
 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">To enforce the Anti-Inflation Act, the __Office of Price Administration__ Was set up and led 1st by Leon Henderson+ then Chester Bowles. __B/c of its success inflation was a much less serious problem during WWII than in WWI.__
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The OPA was never popular, there was popular resentment towards its controls over wages+prices; black-marketing and overcharging grew to proportions far beyond OPA policing capacity.
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">From 1941 to 1945 the federal gov't spent a total of $321 billion+ the gov't borrowed about 1/2 the revenues it needed by selling $100 billion worth of bonds.

Wartime Science and Technology(746-748)
 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The War Production Board(WPB) was created by Roosevelt to be a superagency w/ broad powers over the economy under the direction of former Sears Roebuck executive Donald Nelson. __It never had as much authority as WWI War Industries Board, and the genial Donald Nelson never displayed administrative or political strength of his 1918 counterpart, Bernard Baruch.__
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">WPB wasn't able to win support and was constantly outmanuevered+frustrated, never able to win control over military purchases. Never able to satisfy complaints of small businesses, who said most of their contracts went to large corporations. Roosevelt transfered the WPB's authority to Office of War Mobilization, directed by Senator James F. Byrnes. The OWM was only slightly more successful than WPB.
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">By beginning of 1944 America was producing more than was needed, the war economy managed to meet almost all the nation's critical war needs.

African Americans and the War(748)
 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__National Defense Research Committee__ during WWII led to technological and scientific innovations due to the great deal of money poured into research and development.
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1st yrs of the war Germany+Japan had advantage b/c Germans had U-boats which were effective in disrupting allied shipping and Japanese aircraft was very lethal and helped w/ the attack on Pearl Harbor.
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">U.S. assembly lines and mass production helped Americans to send ships, tanks, airplanes and other things to the war. They also attempted to equalize naval and aerial warcraft. By 1942 Allied technology matched that of the Axis.
 * 4) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Radar and Sonar weakened the abilities of the German U-boat. It also put allies far in advance of the Axis for radio technology.__ Every techno innovation produced a related innovation to limit damage of new technologies.
 * 5) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Germany was never capable of creating enough rockets to shift the balance of military power. Anglo-American antiaircraft technology improved, but could not stop bombing raids altogether.
 * 6) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In 1942 Britian+America seized the aerial battle w/ better equipped bomber planes that could fly for longer and further distances+w/ radio systems that allowed them to know when they were close to their target. __This aided in bombing raids of both Germany+Japan.__
 * 7) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Most of Allies success was in __Ultra Project run by the British__ The Bombe computer by the British was modified by brilliant British scientist Alan Turing+on __April 15,1940__ it broke the coding of a series of German messages+continued to provide Allies intel till the end of the war. The 1st digital computer the Colossus II was able to decipher an enormous amount of German messages.
 * 8) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The American __Magi operation was used in breaking a Japanese coding system like the German Enigma, a mechanical device known to the Allies as Purple.__ Americanshad access to intercepted information that if properly interpreted could have alerted them to the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.

Native Americans and the War(749)
 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Blacks joined armed forces to improve position in society by making demands.
 * 2) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A Philip Randolph, president of the black Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, insisted the gov't require companies receiving defense contracts to integrate workforce. To raise support he organized a march on Washington. Roosevelt was afraid of possibility of violence+certainty of embarrassment. He persuaded Randolph to drop the march in exchange for establishment of a Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination against blacks in war industriesThe FEPC's enforcement powers+effectiveness were limited, its creation was a rare symbolic victory for AA's making demands of the gov't;
 * 3) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The demand for labor in war plants led to more blacks migrating to urban cities from rural south than the Great Migration. It improved the economic conditions of blacks+led to racial tensions.
 * 4) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Congress of Racial Equality(CORE) organized in 1942 to mobilize mass popular resistance to discrimination. Young black leaders helped organize sit-ins+demonstrations in segregated theaters+restaurants.
 * 5) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">At first army limited blacks to the most menial jobs+barred them from Marine Corps+Army Air Forces. Gradually, military leaders made adjustments b/c of public+political pressures, but also b/c they recognized that these forms of segregation were wasting manpower. Tensions remained and riots broke out, w/in the society at large __traditional pattern of race relations was eroding.__

Mexican-American War Workers(749)
 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__25,000 NA's served in military during WWII(ex:Ira Hayes). Code-Talkers were working in military communications+speaking their own languages over the radio&telephones.__
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Some NAs' left the reservation to serve in military+became exposed to white society for 1st time+capitalist society. Others had employment chances available during fighting unavailable after fighting, forcing them to return to reservations.
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">New pressures emerged that called for the end of the reservation system that the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 launched. __John Collier retired.__

Women and Children at War(749-751)
 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Large number of Mexican workers entered the U.S. in order to fill labor shortages. U.S.+Mexican gov'ts called for a program in 1942 where //braceros(contract laborers)// would be admitted to the U.S. for a limited time to work at specific jobs+U.S. employers in parts of SW began recruiting Hispanic workers.
 * 2) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">During WWII mexicans were able to find work in factory jobs.Over 300,000 of them served in the U.S. military.
 * 3) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The //Pachucos// hed rebellious style and their stle showeed the defiance toward conventional white, middle-class society. __Their was racial tension btwmn whites +mexicans.__
 * 4) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__The zoot Suit Riots__ occurred b/c of animosity of whites toward zoot suitors. Whites beat teens and when Mexicans attempted to retaliate police moved in and arrested them. In the aftermath, LA passed a law prohibiting the wearing of zoot suits.

Wartime Life and Culture(751-754)
 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">War led to __Dramatic increase in Female Employment.__Wage earning women were usually married, and on the olderthan most women who entered the work force in the past.
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Women still faced obstacles. Employers also made substantial investments in automated assembly lines to reduce the need for heavy labor.
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Employers treatedwomen w/ solicitute+patronization which was an obstacle to winning genuine equality w/in the work force.
 * 4) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"Rosie the Riveter"symbolized the new impt of the female industrial work force. Women help break down prejudice against working mothers, that had previously kept any of them from paid employment.
 * 5) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Most women were employed in service sector jobs. __They worked for the gov't.__
 * 6) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__The Limited Child Care__ meant women had to work and take care of the children leaving them at home alone while they worked.
 * 7) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Juvenile crime rose in the war yrs.
 * 8) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Return of prosperity during the war helped increase rate+lower the age of marriage+many of young marriages were able to survive the pressures of wartime separation. __Divoce rate rose rapidly. The rise in the birth rate that accompanied the increase in marriages was the 1st sign of what became the postwar "babyboom."__

> The Internment of Japanese Americans(754) Chinese Americans and the War(755)
 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">War created anxieties fdor families+ business and communities struggled to compensate for shortages of goods+absence of men.
 * 2) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The war led to economic good times+ movies, book+theater industry recorded business. //Life// magazine satisfied the insatiable appetite from Americans for pictures and stories of the war.
 * 3) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Advertisers+gov't exhorted Americans to support war to ensure a future of material comfort+consumer choice for themselves+children.
 * 4) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Soldiers dreamed of returning back home+dreamed of music, food, movies, material comforts. They dreamed of women--wives+girlfirends, but to movie stars+others who became the source of the pinup.
 * 5) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Soldiers put pinups inside lockers, infantrymen carried them, pilots named planes female names. Most popular was Betty Grable who was sexually attractive, innocent, young, genteel, the kind many servicemen dreamed of marrying. Thousands of men sent letters to her.
 * 6) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">USOs employed women to dress well, dance well+chat happily w/ lonely men, to give them a healthy outlet for heterosexual impulses. Military forbade women from dating men in service+"dance brigades" were only allowed to interact w/ men during their social events. The military took measures to root out homosexuals+lesbians from their ranks. They believed "healthy" heterosexuality was more impt than chastity.
 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The gov't only barred Father Coughlin's anti-semitic+pro-fascist //Social Justice// but there was no general censorship of dissident publications. The gov't unlike in WWI left socialists+communists alone.
 * 2) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The War led to the blurring of Ethinic Distinctions and also ppl displayed little hostility toward German Americans. They believed enemy was less the German+Italian ppl and more than political systems they had succumbed to.
 * 3) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The attack on Pearl Harbor helped reinforce the assessment of the politically, and small group of Japanese ppl.
 * 4) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Japanese had long been the target of ethnic+racial animosity; they were unable to dispel prejudice against them no matter how assimilated they became.
 * 5) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Pearl Harbor inflamed U.S. animosity+turned them into active animosity.
 * 6) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Popular sentiment was more tolerant of isei+Issei than was official sentiment.
 * 7) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">War Relocation Authority(1942) to oversee the "intern" of the Japanese ppl+taken to "relocation centers" Little different from prisons many located in W.mountains+desert where Japanese could be "Americanized."
 * 8) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Like Indian Reservations, the internment camps were a target of white economic aspirations than of missionary work. Governor of Utah, wanted fed. gov't to turn over thousands of Japanese Americans as forced laborers.
 * 9) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In 1943 conditions improved, some Japs left camps+went to college, others allowed to move to cities to take factory+service jobs(not on West Coast).
 * 10) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1944 Supreme Court in //Korematsu V. U.S.// that relocation was consitutionally permissible. Barred the internment of "loyal" citizens, but left the interpretation of "loyal" to the discretion of the gov't. In 1944 they were released in 1945 they were permitted to return to the West Coast to experience harassment+persecution.

> The Retreat from Reform(756)

The Defeat of the axis(756-765)
 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Politically liberals weren't able to enact new programs during the 1st 2 yrs of war.

> By the middle of 1943 the Allies had succeeded in stopping the advances of the Axis in the Pacific+in Europe. The Allies themselves seized the offensive+launched power drives that rapidly led to victory. > ﻿The Liberation of France(756) > > The Pacific Offensive(759-760) > ﻿Battle of Bulge=Germany's last offensive accomplishment. Battle of Leyte Gulf- Americans won back control of the Phillipines.
 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">By 1944 devastating Allied strategic bombing against German industry at Leipzig, Dresden, Berlin reduced production + complicated transport; German Luftwaffe forced to retreat to bases w/in Germany itself, weakened it
 * 2) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">After 2 year buildup in England Supreme Allied Commander Gen Dwight Eisenhower ordered invasion across English Channel into Normandy, France on “D-Day” (June 6, 1944); Allies drove Germans from the coast, by September forced them to retreat from France, Belgium
 * 3) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">In December Germany counter-attacked during Battle of the Bulge in the Ardennes Forest, but soon repelled; with Soviet advances on Eastern front, Allies began moving into Germany across Rhine
 * 4) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">April 30 Hitler commits suicide; May 8, 1945 full surrender + “V-E” Day.


 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Through 1944 American navy crippling Japanese shipping and economy in Pacific; on mainland Asia Japan attacking thru Chinese interior trying to cutoff Gen Stilwell’s Burma Road for supplies
 * 2) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">June 1944 Americans captured Mariana Islands, in September Battle of Leyte Gulf Japanese navy decimated by US sinking of its aircraft carriers; in next few months Japanese fought desperate battles of resistance in Feb at Iwo Jima, in June at Okinawa (used Kamikaze suicide bombers throughout)
 * 3) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Many feared bloody island battles would ensue w/ invasion of Japanese mainland, but by 1945 Japanese weakened by firebombing in Tokyo, shelling of industrial centers; moderates in govt trying to sue peace against will of military leaders wanting to continue fight.

The Manhattan Project(760-761)


 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">After news in 1939 that Nazis pursuing atomic bomb, US and +GB began race to develop one before them; work based on discovery of uranium radioactivity by Enrico Fermi 1930s+ Einstein’s theory of relativity.
 * 2) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Army took over control of research and poured billions of $ into Manhattan Project which gathered scientists to create nuclear chain reactions w/ a bomb.
 * 3) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">On July 16 1945 the plutonium bomb Trinity, created by scientist Robert Oppenheimer at the Los Alamos Laboratory, successfully tested.

Atomic Warfare(761-765)


 * 1) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Pres Truman issues ultimatum to Japanese for “unconditional surrender” by Aug 3rd or face annihilation; after Jap moderates unable to convince military leaders to accept Truman ordered use of atomic weapon.
 * 2) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Some argue atomic weapon unnecessary b/c in time Japs would have sued for peace; others argue only atomic bomb could convince radical military leaders that surrender necessary. Truman saw weapon as military device that could end war quickly, but some say he used it to intimidate Stalin and Soviets.
 * 3) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">August 6, 1945 bomber Enola Gay dropped atomic weapon on Japanese city Hiroshima, killing 80,000 civilians; because Jap govt didn’t respond, on August 8 second atomic bomb dropped on city of Nagasaki killing 100,000.
 * 4) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">By Aug 14 emperor agreed to surrender; September 2, 1945 Japan signed articles of surrender (“V-J Day”) marking end of WWII.
 * 5) <span style="color: #0000ff; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">14 million combatants had died during war, even more civilians; threat of nuclear war loomed between two emerging super-powers in US and Soviet Union.

> __War on Two Fronts(740-743)__
 * 1) __Chapter 28 Notes pgs.740-746__
 * 1) __America was unified__ following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the early years of the U.S. intro in WWII.

> __Containing the Japanese(740)__ > The Internment of Japanese Americans(754) > > > The Retreat from Reform(756) > By the middle of 1943 the Allies had succeeded in stopping the advances of the Axis in the Pacific+in Europe. The Allies themselves seized the offensive+launched power drives that rapidly led to victory. > ﻿The Liberation of France(756) > > The Pacific Offensive(759-760) > ﻿Battle of Bulge=Germany's last offensive accomplishment. Battle of Leyte Gulf- Americans won back control of the Phillipines.
 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__The Diplomacy of the New Era(720)-__ Critics of foreign policy used isolationism b/c believed U.S. had abandoned international duties. __However U.S. played a bgger role in international affair than any other time in history.__
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Washington conference of 1921-__ Attempt to prevent a potential costly+destabilizing naval armaments race btwn U.S. Britain and other nations.
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Kellog-Brand Pact-__ Ended Washington Conference signed on August 27, 1928 by 14 nations, amid great solemnity +wide international acclaim. 48 nations later joined the pact. Contained no instruments of enforcement, but rested on "world opinion"(Kellogg). Outlawed war.
 * 4) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__circular Loans-__ American banks' provide loans to Germans, Britains+France would agree to reduce those payments. Responsible for a growing American economic prescence in Germany. High tariff barriers that the Republican congress had erected were creating more problems.
 * 5) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Economic Expansion in Latin America-__ The U.S. sent large loans to Latin American countries+LAs was incapable of repaying them due to U.S. tariff barriers. __U.S. wanted to increase access to LA's natural resources.__
 * 6) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Manchuria-__ Officially part of China in 1905, but which Japanese maintained effective economic control since 1905. By 1932 conquest of Manchuria was complete.
 * 7) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Failure of America's Interwar Diplomacy(723)- By 1933 U.S. system of volunteerism among nations+on an American refusal to commit itself to the interests of other countries-- had collapsed.
 * 8) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__FDR's "Bombshell"(724)-__ Following World Economic Conference FDR rejected any agreement on Currency stabilization.
 * 9) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act(724)-__ 1934 lowered tariffs by as much as 50% in return for reciprocal reductions. Most of the agreements admitted only products not competitive w/ U.S. agriculture.
 * 10) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">__Cash-and-Carry(730)-__ established for sale of nonmilitary materials.
 * 1) 10 hrs following their attack on Pear Harbor, Japanese forces attacked Manila in the Phillipines weakening the U.S. power in the Pacific. They also took over Guam.
 * 2) American strategists planned 2 broad initiatives: one led by General Douglas MacArthur to move north from austrailia and eventually to the phillipines the other by Admiral CHester Nimit which would move west from Hawaii to Japanese outposts in the Pacific, eventually both invasions would come together to invade Japan.
 * 3) 1st battle for U.S. was the Battle of the Coral Sea and in June 1942 they took down Japanese vessels and only lost 1 in the end regained control of the Central Pacific.
 * 4) U.S. took offensive months later w/ invasion of 3 islands:Gavutu, Tulagi, and __Guadalcani__ there was great savagery+ferocity in the end Japan was forced to abandon the islands+chance to launch an offensive to the South.
 * 5) In the S. and central Pacific initiative shifted to the U.S. and next process was moving towards Japan+Phillipines itself.
 * 6) __Holding Off the Germans(740)__
 * 7) The U.S. had less control over the European war effort. General George C. Marshall supported a plan for an allied invasion of France, Soviet Union wanted an invasion as soon as possible b/c __they took the brunt of German war effort.__ British wanted a series of allied invasion around edge of Nazi empire(N.Africa+S.Europe) before invasion of France.
 * 8) Roosevelt did not want to antagonize soviets, but did not want to wait so long before bring American forces into combat. Wanted to maintain good relations w/ Churchill. He supported British plan and on Nov.8,1942 landed in Algeria+Morocco and began to move toward Rommel.
 * 9) Kasserine pass Tunisia U.S. suffered severe loss to Germans, Gen. George S. Patton regrouped American forces+w/ help of U.S. naval+aerial power w/ British attacking from the east under Gen. Bernard Montgomery, the U.S. campaign drove the Germans from Africa in May 1943. __When Soviet Union held off assault at Stalingrad in S. Russia hitler had lost such appaling losses he could not continue his eastern offensive.__
 * 10) Russia lost a great deal of civilians and their countrysides were severly destroyed. Soviet success in holding back Germans convinced Roosevelt to invade Sicily.+argued it would tie up German divisions in France to Italy. On __June 4, 1944__ allies captured Rome.
 * 11) Invasion of Italy postponed invasion of France angering Russians who believed U.S.+G.B. conspiring to let the Soviet Union take brunt of attacks. It also helped in S.U. mov't towards countries in the East.
 * 12) __America and the Holocaust(742)__
 * 13) As early as 1942 America learned about Germans campaign to extermite Jews, non-Jewish Poles, gypsies, homosexuals, and communists+__Public pressure was growing to stop the killing or at least rescue some of the Jews.__
 * 14) Americans avoided such pleas as destroying crematorias and destroy the railroad lines leading to camps.
 * 15) There was __Official Anti-Semitism__ from State Department Assistant Secretary Breckinridge Long to prevent Jews from entering the U.S. Chances to help imperiled Jews was either ignored or rejected. The //St. Louis// ship w/ 1,000 escaped Jews was forced to return to Europe.
 * 16) Policy makers argued that bombing railroad lines would do little to stop the Holocaust. They believed the U.S. ought to focus on winning the war.
 * 17) __The American People In Wartime(743-756)__
 * 18) __Not since__ CW did the U.S. undergo a consuming military experience as WWII.
 * 19) ﻿Prosperity(744)
 * 20) WWII brought a __War-Induced Economic Recovery__ onto the U.S. and ending the GD.
 * 21) Federal spending jumped from $9 billion to $100 billion+ demands of wartime production created a shortage of consumer goods, so many wage earners diverted income into savings which would play a major role later on.
 * 22) ﻿The War and the West(744)
 * 23) Gov't spending was most profound in the W. and west coast became launching point for naval war against Japan. __The Pacific Coast had become the center of the growing American aircraft industry.__
 * 24) West went from lightly industrialied to the most impt manufacturing areas of the country+ became the fastest growing region in the nation after the war.
 * 25) Labor and the West(745)
 * 26) War led to the increase in labor employment and Union membership. Also placed limits on ability of unions to fight for their members' demands. "No strike"pledges ensured unions agreed not to stop production during wartime.
 * 27) When Union Mine Workers striked in May 1943+defied the gov't Congress passed over Roosevelt's veto the Smith-Connally Act, which required unions to wait 30 days before striking+empowered president to seize a struck war plant.
 * 28) Stabilizing the Boom(745)
 * 29) To enforce the Anti-Inflation Act, the __Office of Price Administration__ Was set up and led 1st by Leon Henderson+ then Chester Bowles. __B/c of its success inflation was a much less serious problem during WWII than in WWI.__
 * 30) The OPA was never popular, there was popular resentment towards its controls over wages+prices; black-marketing and overcharging grew to proportions far beyond OPA policing capacity.
 * 31) From 1941 to 1945 the federal gov't spent a total of $321 billion+ the gov't borrowed about 1/2 the revenues it needed by selling $100 billion worth of bonds.
 * 32) Mobilizing Production(745)
 * 33) The War Production Board(WPB) was created by Roosevelt to be a superagency w/ broad powers over the economy under the direction of former Sears Roebuck executive Donald Nelson. __It never had as much authority as WWI War Industries Board, and the genial Donald Nelson never displayed administrative or political strength of his 1918 counterpart, Bernard Baruch.__
 * 34) WPB wasn't able to win support and was constantly outmanuevered+frustrated, never able to win control over military purchases. Never able to satisfy complaints of small businesses, who said most of their contracts went to large corporations. Roosevelt transfered the WPB's authority to Office of War Mobilization, directed by Senator James F. Byrnes. The OWM was only slightly more successful than WPB.
 * 35) By beginning of 1944 America was producing more than was needed, the war economy managed to meet almost all the nation's critical war needs.
 * 36) Wartime Science and Technology(746-748)
 * 37) __National Defense Research Committee__ during WWII led to technological and scientific innovations due to the great deal of money poured into research and development.
 * 38) 1st yrs of the war Germany+Japan had advantage b/c Germans had U-boats which were effective in disrupting allied shipping and Japanese aircraft was very lethal and helped w/ the attack on Pearl Harbor.
 * 39) U.S. assembly lines and mass production helped Americans to send ships, tanks, airplanes and other things to the war. They also attempted to equalize naval and aerial warcraft. By 1942 Allied technology matched that of the Axis.
 * 40) __Radar and Sonar weakened the abilities of the German U-boat. It also put allies far in advance of the Axis for radio technology.__ Every techno innovation produced a related innovation to limit damage of new technologies.
 * 41) Germany was never capable of creating enough rockets to shift the balance of military power. Anglo-American antiaircraft technology improved, but could not stop bombing raids altogether.
 * 42) In 1942 Britian+America seized the aerial battle w/ better equipped bomber planes that could fly for longer and further distances+w/ radio systems that allowed them to know when they were close to their target. __This aided in bombing raids of both Germany+Japan.__
 * 43) Most of Allies success was in __Ultra Project run by the British__ The Bombe computer by the British was modified by brilliant British scientist Alan Turing+on __April 15,1940__ it broke the coding of a series of German messages+continued to provide Allies intel till the end of the war. The 1st digital computer the Colossus II was able to decipher an enormous amount of German messages.
 * 44) The American __Magi operation was used in breaking a Japanese coding system like the German Enigma, a mechanical device known to the Allies as Purple.__ Americanshad access to intercepted information that if properly interpreted could have alerted them to the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.
 * 45) African Americans and the War(748)
 * 46) Blacks joined armed forces to improve position in society by making demands.
 * 47) A Philip Randolph, president of the black Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, insisted the gov't require companies receiving defense contracts to integrate workforce. To raise support he organized a march on Washington. Roosevelt was afraid of possibility of violence+certainty of embarrassment. He persuaded Randolph to drop the march in exchange for establishment of a Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination against blacks in war industriesThe FEPC's enforcement powers+effectiveness were limited, its creation was a rare symbolic victory for AA's making demands of the gov't;
 * 48) The demand for labor in war plants led to more blacks migrating to urban cities from rural south than the Great Migration. It improved the economic conditions of blacks+led to racial tensions.
 * 49) Congress of Racial Equality(CORE) organized in 1942 to mobilize mass popular resistance to discrimination. Young black leaders helped organize sit-ins+demonstrations in segregated theaters+restaurants.
 * 50) At first army limited blacks to the most menial jobs+barred them from Marine Corps+Army Air Forces. Gradually, military leaders made adjustments b/c of public+political pressures, but also b/c they recognized that these forms of segregation were wasting manpower. Tensions remained and riots broke out, w/in the society at large __traditional pattern of race relations was eroding.__
 * 51) Native Americans and the War(749)
 * 52) __25,000 NA's served in military during WWII(ex:Ira Hayes). Code-Talkers were working in military communications+speaking their own languages over the radio&telephones.__
 * 53) Some NAs' left the reservation to serve in military+became exposed to white society for 1st time+capitalist society. Others had employment chances available during fighting unavailable after fighting, forcing them to return to reservations.
 * 54) New pressures emerged that called for the end of the reservation system that the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 launched. __John Collier retired.__
 * 55) Mexican-American War Workers(749)
 * 56) Large number of Mexican workers entered the U.S. in order to fill labor shortages. U.S.+Mexican gov'ts called for a program in 1942 where //braceros(contract laborers)// would be admitted to the U.S. for a limited time to work at specific jobs+U.S. employers in parts of SW began recruiting Hispanic workers.
 * 57) During WWII mexicans were able to find work in factory jobs.Over 300,000 of them served in the U.S. military.
 * 58) The //Pachucos// hed rebellious style and their stle showeed the defiance toward conventional white, middle-class society. __Their was racial tension btwmn whites +mexicans.__
 * 59) __The zoot Suit Riots__ occurred b/c of animosity of whites toward zoot suitors. Whites beat teens and when Mexicans attempted to retaliate police moved in and arrested them. In the aftermath, LA passed a law prohibiting the wearing of zoot suits.
 * 60) Women and Children at War(749-751)
 * 61) War led to __Dramatic increase in Female Employment.__Wage earning women were usually married, and on the olderthan most women who entered the work force in the past.
 * 62) Women still faced obstacles. Employers also made substantial investments in automated assembly lines to reduce the need for heavy labor.
 * 63) Employers treatedwomen w/ solicitute+patronization which was an obstacle to winning genuine equality w/in the work force.
 * 64) "Rosie the Riveter"symbolized the new impt of the female industrial work force. Women help break down prejudice against working mothers, that had previously kept any of them from paid employment.
 * 65) Most women were employed in service sector jobs. __They worked for the gov't.__
 * 66) __The Limited Child Care__ meant women had to work and take care of the children leaving them at home alone while they worked.
 * 67) Juvenile crime rose in the war yrs.
 * 68) Return of prosperity during the war helped increase rate+lower the age of marriage+many of young marriages were able to survive the pressures of wartime separation. __Divoce rate rose rapidly. The rise in the birth rate that accompanied the increase in marriages was the 1st sign of what became the postwar "babyboom."__
 * 69) Wartime Life and Culture(751-754)
 * 70) War created anxieties fdor families+ business and communities struggled to compensate for shortages of goods+absence of men.
 * 71) The war led to economic good times+ movies, book+theater industry recorded business. //Life// magazine satisfied the insatiable appetite from Americans for pictures and stories of the war.
 * 72) Advertisers+gov't exhorted Americans to support war to ensure a future of material comfort+consumer choice for themselves+children.
 * 73) Soldiers dreamed of returning back home+dreamed of music, food, movies, material comforts. They dreamed of women--wives+girlfirends, but to movie stars+others who became the source of the pinup.
 * 74) Soldiers put pinups inside lockers, infantrymen carried them, pilots named planes female names. Most popular was Betty Grable who was sexually attractive, innocent, young, genteel, the kind many servicemen dreamed of marrying. Thousands of men sent letters to her.
 * 75) USOs employed women to dress well, dance well+chat happily w/ lonely men, to give them a healthy outlet for heterosexual impulses. Military forbade women from dating men in service+"dance brigades" were only allowed to interact w/ men during their social events. The military took measures to root out homosexuals+lesbians from their ranks. They believed "healthy" heterosexuality was more impt than chastity.
 * 1) The gov't only barred Father Coughlin's anti-semitic+pro-fascist //Social Justice// but there was no general censorship of dissident publications. The gov't unlike in WWI left socialists+communists alone.
 * 2) The War led to the blurring of Ethinic Distinctions and also ppl displayed little hostility toward German Americans. They believed enemy was less the German+Italian ppl and more than political systems they had succumbed to.
 * 3) The attack on Pearl Harbor helped reinforce the assessment of the politically, and small group of Japanese ppl.
 * 4) Japanese had long been the target of ethnic+racial animosity; they were unable to dispel prejudice against them no matter how assimilated they became.
 * 5) Pearl Harbor inflamed U.S. animosity+turned them into active animosity.
 * 6) Popular sentiment was more tolerant of isei+Issei than was official sentiment.
 * 7) War Relocation Authority(1942) to oversee the "intern" of the Japanese ppl+taken to "relocation centers" Little different from prisons many located in W.mountains+desert where Japanese could be "Americanized."
 * 8) Like Indian Reservations, the internment camps were a target of white economic aspirations than of missionary work. Governor of Utah, wanted fed. gov't to turn over thousands of Japanese Americans as forced laborers.
 * 9) In 1943 conditions improved, some Japs left camps+went to college, others allowed to move to cities to take factory+service jobs(not on West Coast).
 * 10) 1944 Supreme Court in //Korematsu V. U.S.// that relocation was consitutionally permissible. Barred the internment of "loyal" citizens, but left the interpretation of "loyal" to the discretion of the gov't. In 1944 they were released in 1945 they were permitted to return to the West Coast to experience harassment+persecution.
 * 11) Chinese Americans and the War(755)
 * 1) Politically liberals weren't able to enact new programs during the 1st 2 yrs of war.
 * 2) ﻿The Defeat of the axis(756-765)
 * 1) By 1944 devastating Allied strategic bombing against German industry at Leipzig, Dresden, Berlin reduced production + complicated transport; German Luftwaffe forced to retreat to bases w/in Germany itself, weakened it
 * 2) After 2 year buildup in England Supreme Allied Commander Gen Dwight Eisenhower ordered invasion across English Channel into Normandy, France on “D-Day” (June 6, 1944); Allies drove Germans from the coast, by September forced them to retreat from France, Belgium
 * 3) In December Germany counter-attacked during Battle of the Bulge in the Ardennes Forest, but soon repelled; with Soviet advances on Eastern front, Allies began moving into Germany across Rhine
 * 4) April 30 Hitler commits suicide; May 8, 1945 full surrender + “V-E” Day.

= The Manhattan Project(760-761) =
 * 1) Through 1944 American navy crippling Japanese shipping and economy in Pacific; on mainland Asia Japan attacking thru Chinese interior trying to cutoff Gen Stilwell’s Burma Road for supplies
 * 2) June 1944 Americans captured Mariana Islands, in September Battle of Leyte Gulf Japanese navy decimated by US sinking of its aircraft carriers; in next few months Japanese fought desperate battles of resistance in Feb at Iwo Jima, in June at Okinawa (used Kamikaze suicide bombers throughout)
 * 3) Many feared bloody island battles would ensue w/ invasion of Japanese mainland, but by 1945 Japanese weakened by firebombing in Tokyo, shelling of industrial centers; moderates in govt trying to sue peace against will of military leaders wanting to continue fight.
 * 1) After news in 1939 that Nazis pursuing atomic bomb, US and +GB began race to develop one before them; work based on discovery of uranium radioactivity by Enrico Fermi 1930s+ Einstein’s theory of relativity.
 * 2) Army took over control of research and poured billions of $ into Manhattan Project which gathered scientists to create nuclear chain reactions w/ a bomb.
 * 3) On July 16 1945 the plutonium bomb Trinity, created by scientist Robert Oppenheimer at the Los Alamos Laboratory, successfully tested.

Atomic Warfare(761-765)


 * 1) Pres Truman issues ultimatum to Japanese for “unconditional surrender” by Aug 3rd or face annihilation; after Jap moderates unable to convince military leaders to accept Truman ordered use of atomic weapon.
 * 2) Some argue atomic weapon unnecessary b/c in time Japs would have sued for peace; others argue only atomic bomb could convince radical military leaders that surrender necessary. Truman saw weapon as military device that could end war quickly, but some say he used it to intimidate Stalin and Soviets.
 * 3) August 6, 1945 bomber Enola Gay dropped atomic weapon on Japanese city Hiroshima, killing 80,000 civilians; because Jap govt didn’t respond, on August 8 second atomic bomb dropped on city of Nagasaki killing 100,000.
 * 4) By Aug 14 emperor agreed to surrender; September 2, 1945 Japan signed articles of surrender (“V-J Day”) marking end of WWII.
 * 5) 14 million combatants had died during war, even more civilians; threat of nuclear war loomed between two emerging super-powers in US and Soviet Union.

AP US History Chapter 28 Questions

1) In what places did the U.S. fight WWII? What were some of the key details of the fighting in these locations?

The U.S. fought WWII in Europe, the Pacific and North Africa. Some of the biggest battles in Europe included the Battle of the Bulge in which German forces drove 55 miles toward Antwerp before they were stopped in Bastogne. The battle ended serious German resistance in the West. In the Pacific three major encounters known as the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval engagement in history in which American forces held off the Japanese onslaught and sank four Japanese carriers, all but destroying Japan's capacity to continue a serial naval war. The Pacific Ocean was mainly where the U.S. fought. Allied air and naval power drove Germans away from Africa in May 1943. Once North Africa liberated, U.S. went to liberate France. Efforts such as D-day. How did the American people and the American government react to early news of the Holocaust? The American people responded to the Holocaust with great unhappiness and horror over the atrocity and called for the Allies to move to end the killing or to rescue some of the surviving Jews. The U.S. government retreated any such entreaties and there was some __Official Anti-Semitism__ and the refusal of the //St. Louis// was the perfect example of the anti-semitism. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 16px; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -12pt;"> 3) In what ways was American home front mobilization during WWII similar to that of WWI? To what extent did this mobilization during WWII help end the Great Depression? USE KEY TERMS!   The American home front mobilization during WWII drew parallels to WWI in that families and businesses struggled to deal with loss of men and the loss of men led to an increase in female employment. Not only that, like in WWI there were significant Union gains, and also an enormous boost to union membership, which rose from 10.5 million in 1941 to over 13 million in 1945. The creation of the War Production Board also resulted in the creation of the Sears Roebuck executive Donald Nelson, which was to be a " super-agency ", with broad powers over the economy. The mobilization of the war economy helped to end the Great Depression due to the fact that their were more and more workers needed to create products and necessities for the war, which in turn led to the end of the Great Depression. Never as successful as War Industry Board. <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 17px; line-height: 26px; text-indent: -16px;">

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 17px; line-height: 26px; text-indent: -16px;">﻿T

4) Describe the situation for African Americans and women during WWII.  __ L __ Life for African Americans and women during WWII was difficult, however traditional patterns of racial and gender discrimination were beginning to erode. African Americans faced discrimination in the armed services and were not allowed to serve in the Airforce or the Marines until they realized that the system was wasting manpower, and due to public+political pressures. Women were forced to work and take care of children, and entered jobs normally not considered woman's work. The war helped increase the rate+lower the age of marriage, but many of these young marriages were unable to survive wartime separation.

5) Describe the situation for Native Americans and Mexican Americans during WWII. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -12pt;">WWII was a period of increased immigration, assimilation and racial violence and tension. The emphasis on national unity resulted in the public's outcry for the government to end the reservation system and require the tribes to assimilate into white society. For Mexican Americans the decrease in white workers led to employment gains for Mexican Americans for factory jobs. However, the sudden increase led to racial tensions in Mexican-American neighborhoods, and one infamous incident were the series of confrontations between whites and Mexicans known as the zoot-suit riots that resulted in a law prohibiting the wearing of zoot suits.

6) Describe and evaluate the situation for Japanese Americans and the changing relationship between the U.S. and China during WWII. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: -12pt;">The situation for Japanese Americans was one of anti-Japanese prejudice and relocation centers or internment camps for Japanese living in the United States. WWII enhanced the legal and social positions of Chinese Americans. To improve relations with the government of china, Congress repealed the Chinese Exclusion Acts, which had barred almost all Chinese immigration since 1892. However, racial animosity did not disperse as a result of the second world war.Chinese Americans were drafted into the military during the 40s than any other minority group. ﻿In that sense, the relationship between the U.S. and China was improving.

7) What were the key events that led to victory for America and its allies in Europe, North Africa, and the Pacific? How did American leaders and forces particularly contribute to these key victories? USE KEY TERMS! The Key events that led to victory for America and its allies in Europe, North Africa, and the Pacific were the allied victories in Okinawa, the battle of the bulge, and the battle of leyte gulf, and the dropping of the atomic bomb. The result of these victories was the eventual surrender of the Axis of powers. The decision to deploy over 3 million troops during D-day was a very important decision by Dwight D. Eisenhower and it pushed the German forces from virtually the entire Normandy coast. =Where Historians Disagree 762-763=
 * The //Enola Gay// airplane that dropped the atomic bomb in 1945 still hangs in the Jeffersonian Institute without an explanation of what it means and it didn't contain one when it was 1st put up as well.
 * The anger surrounding the installation of the airplane reflects the feelings of people and historians around the world, particularly in Japan+U.S. and president Truman's decision to drop the atom bomb.
 * Truman and his contemporaries and historians believed the bomb was dropped in order to ensure a speedy end to the war and to save lives. Hert Feis //The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II (1966)// claimed Truman made his decision military reasons to ensure speedy American victory. //A//lonzo L. Hamby //Man of the People(1995)//, an important scholarly study of Truman said: "longer war lasted, more Americans killed." Robert J. Donovan in (1997) reached same conclusion.
 * Other historians disagree and argue that President Truman did not face the threat of greater American casualties and that Japan was going to surrender regardless. They state that U.S. dropped the bombs in order to scare Russia and to make them more manageable in Europe. Martin J. Sherwin //A World Destroyed (1975)// argues that the U.S. used the atomic bombs in order to make Stalin more manageable.
 * Gar Alperovitz: //Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam(1965)// and //The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb and the Architecture of an American Myth(1995)// states the U.S. used the bombs to intimidate the Soviet Union.
 * John W. Dower's //War Without Mercy(1986) argues that racism was the reason for the bomb, but that viewpoint isn't well supported.//
 * The debate over the bomb it is a very emotional one, due to the moral issues and defines how history has and remains, a major force in the way societies define their politics, their values, and their character.]
 * U.S. wanted to stop the spread of Communism.



__﻿Chapter 28 Top Ten Keyterms__
 * 1) __﻿__

=__Chapter 29 Notes__= __America's Postwar vision(768)-__ Outlined in Atlantic Charter of 1941; a world in which nations abandoned traditional beliefs in military allinaces+spheres of influence+governed their relations w/ one another through democratic processes, w/ an international organization serving as the arbiter of disputes+protecter of every nation's self-determination. __Vision appealed to most Americans like FDR.__

__Sphere's of Influence(768)-__ Soviet Union determined to create a sphere for itself in Central+Eastern Europe as protection against future aggression from the West.

__Dispute Over Poland(768)-__ FDR+Churchill willing to allow SU to expand westward, but on postwar gov't FDR+Churchill supported Polish gov't in exile; Stalin wanted to install another exiled pro communist exiled gov't that spent the war in Lublin, in Soviet Union. __3 Leaders avoided bitter conclusion to Tehran Conference by leaving the issue unresolved.__

__United Nations(768)-__ New international organization would contain a General Assembly, every member would be represented, a Security Council, w/ reps. from U.S., G.B., France, SU+China, each would have veto power. Security Council would have temporary reps from other nations. __Agreements became basis of UN charter, drafted in a conference of 50 nations starting April 25, 1945, in San Francisco. US Senate ratified the charter in July by a vote of 80 to vote, overwhelmingly.__

__Disagreements over Germany(769)-__ Stalin wanted to impose heavy reparations on Germany&ensure permanent dismembermant of the nation. Final agreement, vague+unstable. U.S., G.B., France+SU would control its own "zone of occupation" each zone determined by position of troops at the end of the war. Berlin, though closer to SU would be divided into 4 sectors.

__Trumans "Get Tough Policy"(770)-__ Truman only days in office wanted to "get tough" w/ Su though he had no leverage to compel it for violating the Yalta accords.

__Chiang Kai-Shek(771)-__ Friendly to the U.S., but gov't was corrupt,incompetent w/ weak pop support, unable to face problems in Chian. Since 1927 nat.govt had been enganged w/ communist armies of Mao zedong.U.S. eventually became to help nationalists+pumped money and weapons to Chiang.

__Restoring Japan(772)-__ An alternative to China as the strong pro-western force in Asia. U.S. lifted all restrictions on industrial development+encouraged rapid economic growth in Japan. Vision of an open, united world was giving way in Asia, as it was in Europe, to an acceptance of divided world w/ a strong, pro-American sphere of influence.

__Truman Doctrine(772)-__ March 12, 1947 before Congress Truman declared that he wanted to support the armed forces of Greece+Turkey, to provide economic assistance to Greece. Congress approved the measure. __U.S. commitment helped ease Soviet pressure on Turkey+helped the Greek gov't, established a basis for American foreign policy that would survive for more than 40 yrs.__

__Rebuilding Europe(772)-__ Humanitarian concern for Europeans, fear that Europe would be a economic burden on the U.S. if incapable of rebuilding+feeding itself; strong desire for strong European market for U.S. goods. __U.S. policymakers thought something had to be done to strengthen the shaky pro-American govt's in Western Europe, those govts might fall under control of communism.__ June 1947 Secretary of State George C. marshall proposed Marshall plan, congress approved it+channeled over $12 billion of American aid into Europe, helping to spark an economic revival. By end of 1950, European industrrial production rose, communist strength declined, opportunities for American trade had revived.

__National Security Act of 1947(773)-__ Created a new DOD to oversee all branches of armed services, combining functions reserved normally for War+Navy depts. National Security Council(NSC) govern foreign+military policy. CIA would replace the wartime Office of Strategic Services+would be responsible for collecting information openly+covertly for U.S. interests. __The Act gave president expanded powers to pursue U.S. international goals.__

__NATO(774)-__ April 4, 1949, 12 nations signed agreement creating North Atlantic Treaty Organization+declaring an armed attack against one member would be an attack against all. NATO countries would maintain a standing military force in Europe to defend the threat of a SU invasion. U Formation of NATO spurred SU to create alliance of communist govts in Eastern Europe formalized in 1955 by Warsaw pact.

__NSC-68(775)-__ National Security Council Report, issued in 1950+argued U.S> had to establish firm+active leadership of the noncommunist world&U.S. must move to stop communist expansion anywhere it occurred. __Report called for an expansion of American military power, w/ a defense budget almost 4 times previously projected figure.__

__The Cold War Begins__ Capitalism= private ownership, freemarkets, competition, money, no government regulation.
 * __﻿__U.S. vs USSR(Soviet Union)
 * Tensions from before WWII ended.
 * Americans were anti-communist WHY?
 * Bolshevik revolution of 1917 coincided with Russia's drop out of WWI.
 * Soviet Union upset the Westerners did not help to fight Germany on the eastern front. U.S. went to N.Africa, Pacific and then Germany.

The U.S. practices a form of capitalism known as a mixed capitalism due to industry controlling the means of productions and the governments regulation of wallstreet and through government programs such as Food Stamps, Public Housing. American gov't taxes busineses, regulates, and creates rules for businesses.

Democracy is a system of government in which the people have the say in public policy. Ex:Direct referendum

Dictatorship is an autocratic form of government in which one individuals holds a great deal of power over the country or government.

The Soviet Union practiced a totalitarian communism which is the system in which the country is run by the government specifically one ruler or dictator with absolute power over the country. In the 1940s and 50s this person was Joseph Stalin. =__Notes 775-786__= __ ﻿ __ U.S. used economic aid to countries in order to avoid. Airlift to Berlin were supplies brought in to keep western people of Berlin out of communist hands. __GI Bill(776)-__ Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 provided economic+educational assistance to veterans, increasing spending even further.
 * U.S. opposed communism because political dissenters were killed, tortured, threatened, and the government condemned Freedom of Speech an important democratic ideal.

__Postwar Labor Unrest(776)-__ compounding economic difficulties. By end of 1945 there had been major strikes in various industries and fears grew that the nation would grind to a halt without vital suppies such as the united Mine Workers strike.

__Truman's"Fair Deal"(776)-__ A 21 pt domestic program submitted days after Japanese surrender. Called for expansion of Social Security Benefits, raising of legal minimum wage from 40 to 65 cents an hour, a program to ensure full employment through federa spending+investment, permanent Fair Empoyment Practices Act, pubic housing+slum clearance, ong-range environmental+public works planning+gov't promotion of scientific research. He added other proposals later__+fell victim to the public+congressional conservatism.__

__Taft-Hartley Act(777)-__ Labor management Relations Act of 1947, made illegal the closed shop. __Did not destroy the labor movt, but had damaged weaker unions in lightly organized industries; made more difficult the organizing of workers who had never been union members at all, such as women, minorities+workers in the South.__

__Democratic Defections(778)-__Dems saw Truman as weak+inept&at Dems convention of 1948 2 factions abandoned the party+formed the States' Rights Party w/ gov. Strom Thurmond of SC as the presidential nominee. Dems left wing formed new progressive party w/ Henry A. Wallace+his supporters objected to the slow and ineffective domestic policies of the Truman administration, but they resented the president's confrontational stance towards SU.

__Trumans Surprising Victory(778)-__ Trujman won election of 1948 narrowly w/ 49.5% of the pop. vote to Dewey's 45.1%+an electoral vote margin of 303 to 189. Dems, in meantime, regained both houses of Congress by large margins. __Most dramatic upset in history of presidential elections.__

__Truman Stymied(778)-__ Truman not able to convince Congress to accept Civil Rights legisation he proposed in 1949, which would make lynching a fed.crime, if fed.protection of black voting rights, abolished the poll protection of black voting rights, established a new Fair Employment Practices Commission to curb discrimination in hiring.

__Conflicting Views of Nuclear Power(779)-__ Americans were fearful of nuclear weapons, but enjoyed the bright image of a dazzling technological future that atomic power might help to produce. It wasn't hard to see in pop culture such as the //film noi//r, a kind of fimaking named for dark lighting that was characteristic of the genre.

__Promise of Cheap Nuclear Power(779)-__ Most Americans believed the nuclear power in the 40s would benefit America and nuclear power plants began to spring up in various areas of the country, as a source of cheap+unlimited electricity, their potential dangers not even discussed by those praising its creation.

__Syngman Rhee(780)-__ Leader of Korea once America left, appointed by U.S.; An anti-communist, but nominally democratic. Had a relatively small military, which he used to suppress internal opposition.

"__Liberation(780)-__ Administration revealed invasion of Korea not for containment but for liberation. Truman gave MacArthur permission to pursue the communists into their own territory. __The aim was to create " a unified, independent and democratic Korea"-UN resolution.__

__Truman-MacArthur Controversy(781)-__ Revealation of Gen. Macarthur's letter to House republican leader Joseph W.Martin, seen as insubordination by pres.Truman. ON April 11, 1951 MacArthur of his command. __Public supported MacArthur+he returned to his position.__

__Wartime Economic Regulation(782)-__ Office of Defense Mobilization established to fight inflation by holding down prices+discouraging high union wage demands. Truman's harsh regulations led to a 6-3 Supreme court decision stating that he had exceeded his authority when he tried to stop a nationwide steel strike.

__Sources of the Red Scare(782)-__ U.S. encounters in Korean stalemate, the "loss of China", the Soviet deveopment of an atomic bomb. Searching for someone to bame many ppl attracted to the idea of a communist conspiracy w/in American borders.

__Alger Hiss(782)-__ A former high ranking member of the State Dept that was convicted of perjury and passing on information to the Soviet Union. __The Hiss case discredited a prominent young diplomat; cast suspicion on a generation of liberal Democrrasts+made it possibe for many Americans to believe communists had infiltrated the govt.__

__The McCarran Internal Security(783)-__ Passed by Congress in 1950 requiring all communist organizations to register w/ the govt+to publish their records+creating other restrictions on "subversive"activity. Truman vetoed. Congress easily overrode his veto.

__Anticommunist Hysteria(783)-__ Various factors contributed to the anticommunist hysteria that by the eary 1950s seemed to have gripped the entire country. Fear of communism, infiltration by communism were all fears. __Was a climate made possibe the rise of an extraordinary figure whose behavior at any other time would have been considered preposterous.__

__McCarthyism's Appeal(784)-__ McCarthy provides his followers an issue into which they could channel a wide range of resentments. Many admired him for his coarse, "fearless" asauts on a govt establishment that many considered arrogante, even traitorous.

__Dwight Eisenhower(785)-__ Military hero, commander of NATO, president of Colombia Univ, NY, won nomination on 1st ballot. VP was Richard Nixon. Both used allegations of corruption in Truman administration to their advantage+pledged repeatedly to "clean up the mess in WA." =__Chapter 29 Top Ten Keyterms__= __Cold War-__ Ideas, influence, principles, types of government, science, and competition. =__Where Historians Disagree 784-785__=
 * 1) __Containment Policy-__ Policy of the U.S. towards the Soviet Union in order to prevent the spread of communism to weaker pro-western governments. Another word is __the Marshall Plan, which used economic aid to help weaker governments in Europe from falling into USSR's hands.__
 * 2) __McCarthyism-__ Fear of communism during the early 50s of America that stemmed from the fear most Americans had about the threat of nuclear war, the "loss" of China, and partisan ambitions. It was named after the Republican senator McCarthy.
 * 3) __Alger Hiss Case- Case that with the help of Richard Nixon suggested to many Americans that the government had been infiltrated by communist.__
 * 4) __Totalitarian Communism-__ The system of communism in the Soviet Union, with Joseph Stalin as the dictator of the country. The government would control the means of production, the economy, and it was in theory, a classless society.
 * 5) __Mixed Capitalism-__ The system of capitalism in the U.S. that consists of the government aiding Americans struggling with government programs such as Social Security, while the means of production are controlled by private industry and businesses.
 * 6) __Nuclear Power-__ Americans were conflicted due to the destructive power of the nuclear bomb. However, some saw the bomb as a great invention and thought of how nuclear power could provide cheap energy.
 * 7) Truman's "Fair Deal"- A 21 point Domestic plan that called for a variety of improvements such as the expansion of Social security. However, the conservatism of the period by the Americam public and Congress prevented many of the Fair deal programs implementation.
 * 8) U.S. intervention in Korea- The first U.S. military conflict during the Cold War. __Displayed how committed the U.S. was to preventing the spread of communism seeing as how South Korea was democratic.__
 * 9) __Election of Dwight D. Eisenhower-__ Showed how the American public had become tired of the Democrats in office and Republicans won major seats in both houses of Congress and Richard Nixon a critical man during the Hiss trials was the VP.
 * 10) __President Truman's Presidency-__ A presidency filled with defections from fellow Dems b/c he was unliked for his aggression towards the Soviet Union.
 * Many people agree in the 1940s and 50s there were challenges to freedom of speech and association but many disagree of the origins and meaning of those challenges.
 * William O'Neill //A Better World(1982), and Rich Gid Powers Not Without Honor(1995)// both argued that anticommunism was a serious, intelligent, and patriotic movement, despite espionage and subversion. Rooting communists out of public life was understandable+justifiable+byproduct of rational+justifiable effort.
 * Most interpretations most from the midst of the Red Scare occurred in 1950s w/ an influential group of historians+social scientists began to portray the anticommunist fervor of their time as an expression of deep social maladjustment--an argument perhaps most closely related w/ a famous essay by Richard Hofstadter. __They argued that hysteria originated from a deeper set of social+cultural anxieties that had an indirect connection w/ the political world as it existed. Extreme anticommunism, was close to a pathology; it expressed fear of an alienation from the modern world.__
 * Richard Freeland, in //The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism(1971),// argued the Democrats began the effort to purge the government of radicals to protect themselves from attacks by the Republicans. Both parties were trying to outdo the other and show how anticommunist they truly were.
 * Ellen Schrecker's //Many Are the Crimes(1986) states Red Scare// was directed largely against communists and that it was orchestrated by an interlocking cluster of official agencies w/ a deep commitment to the project.
 * Other scholars have presented arguments that compliments other interpretations. They argue both anticommunist zealots+liberals were to blame for McCarthyism, in politics, academia, and above all __i__n __Media.__ They were so frightened by the political climate that they found themselves unable to respond to the distortions and excesses around them.

1945- **Truman becomes president following death of FDR.** =__**Chapter 30 Notes**__= > · The most famous of the postwar suburban developers, William Levitt, > came to symbolize the new suburban growth with his use of > mass-production techniques to construct a large housing > development on Long Island, NY. > 1. They helped to meet an enormous demand for housing > that had been growing for more than a decade > · Many Americans wanted to move to the suburbs > 1. One reason was the enormous importance postwar > Americans place on family life after five years of war in which > families had often been separated or otherwise disrupted > 2. They provided privacy > 3. A place to raise a large family > 4. They provided security from the noise and dangers of > urban living. > 5. They offered space for the new consumer goods > 6. Suburban life also helped provide a sense of community > · Suburban neighborhoods > 1. They were not uniform > between their working and personal worlds.For many middle-class married women, it meant an increase isolation > from the workplace. > everything else > b. Women who could afford not to work faced heavy > pressures to remain in the home and concentrate on > raising their children > By 1960, nearly a third of all married women > were in the paid workforce. > and radio as the principal source of diversion for American > families. > · Much of the programming of the 1950s and early 1960s created a > common image of American life. > and suburban > 2. Programming also reinforced the concept of gender roles > 3. Television inadvertently created conditions that could > accentuate social conflict. > determination to push at the borders of the > conventional and acceptable. > was the enormous popularity of rock ‘n’ roll and of the greatest > early rock star. > ·Radio and television were important to the recording industry because > they encouraged the sale of records > America > ·The great economic expansion of the postwar years reduced poverty > dramatically but did not eliminate it > ·Most of the poor experience poverty intermittently and temporarily > ·This poverty was a poverty that the growing prosperity of the postwar > era seemed to affect hardly at all > era seemed to affect hardly at all. > numbers of genuinely impoverished people. > housing for poor city residents.
 * 1946- Republicans take over both houses of Congress.**
 * 1947- Truman orders loyalty checks of federal employees.**
 * 1948- Truman surprisingly elected president.**
 * 1950- McCarthy bursts onto the political stage.**
 * 1) **__Government Spending(790)-__** One of the reasons for Economic growth of U.S. in 1950s+60s. Above all, military spending. Their was public funding of schools, housing, veterans' benefits, welfare, and $100 billion interstate highway.
 * 2) **__Suburban Growth(790)-__** Grew 47% in 1947 2 times as much as the population+helped stimultate growth in sectors of the economy.Demand for new homes helped sustain a lively housing industry+construction of roads, stimulated economy as well.
 * 3) **__Favorable Climate(791)-__** The growth of the West occurred b/c the west had the climate+water supplies to sustain large populations, Southern California, Nevada+Arizona+attracted many migrants from the East b/c of their warm, dry climates.
 * 4) **__Keynesian Economics(791)-__**Gov't could regulate+stabilize the economy w/out interfering w/ private sector. Many economists+citizens in 50s+60s came to support the theory+quick ends to recessions+slow ends to recessions that didn't follow the theory further strengthened the form of economics. __In 1964, there was an increase in private demand, which stimulated economic growth+reduced unemployment.__
 * 5) **__Ending Poverty Through Economic Growth(791)-__** 1930s Americans thought poverty&injustice would entail a redistribution of wealth or limitation of wealth of rich+distribution of wealth to the poor. Mid 1950s affluent argued nation would have to produce more abundance raising the quality of life of even the poorest to comfort and decency.
 * 6) **__Corporate Consolidation(792)-__** During 1950s there was a great deal of corporate merging especially in industries benefiting from WWII where govt rewarded larger corporations over smaller ones.
 * 7) **__The "Postwar contract"(792)-__** Early 1950s agreement btwn large labor unions that entailed an increase in wages+benefits in return there would be no raising of other issues. By late 1960s+70s unhappy laborers formed dissident groups+labor jobs were falling due to the new technology that automated production.
 * 8) **__AFL-CIO(792)-__** Dec.1955 American Federation of Labor merged w/ Congress of Industrial Organizations, ended 20 yr rivalry. Relations were uneasy, AFL were suspicious of radical past of CIO leadership+CIO believed AFL hierarchy was dominating the leadership. Tensions subsided+success bred __stagnation+corruption in union bureaucracies. Ex:David Beck(misappropration of union funds); Jimmy Hoffa( tax evasion 1967); John L. Lewis (plagued w/ scandals+dissent w/in the organization); Tony Broyle(complicity in 1969 murder of Joseph Yablonski, a dissenter).__
 * 9) **__Limited Gains for Unorganized Workers(792)-__** Shift in labor from blue to white collar. __Taft Hartley Act+state right to work laws made recognition of unions more difficult for employers. South Anti-Union sentiment was powerful among almost all drives.__
 * 10) **__Antibiotics(793)-__** Louis Pasteur and Jules-Francois Joubert aided in development of antibiotics in 1870s. Practical uses began in 1930s w/ scientists in Europe creating sulfa drugs-drugs taken from antibacterial drug known as sulfanilamide--which could effectively treat streptococcal blood infections.
 * 11) **__Penicillin(793)-__** 1928, Alexander Fleming, English medical researcher discovered antibacterial properties named penicillin. Howard Florey+ Ernest Chain learned how to produce stable, potent penicilin to sizeable quantities to make it a weapon against bacterial disease. __Development stopped w/ the onset of WWII, but following WWII American began to develop it w/ success.__ WWII also took a toll on Europe scientifically.
 * 12) **__Salk Vaccine(794)-__** Developed by American scientist Jonas Salk in 1954+was an effective vaccine against pollio, a disease that killed+crippled thousands of children+adults. Albert Sabin create an oral vaccine+__by early 1960s vaccines had eliminated polio from American life+much of the world.__
 * 13) **__DDT(794)-__** Compound discovered in 1939 by a Swiss chemist Paul Muller. Discovered DDT not toxic to humans/animals, but insects. In 1942, Americans were suffering from insect-borne diseases=malaria+typhus. During WWII it was sprayed in pacific islands, saved a great deal of life, and wasn't realized till later that it had long term negative effects on animals+humans.
 * 14) **__Invention of Televison(794)-__** The invention of the TV occurred during the 1940s +1950s, specifically in 1948 when Bell Labs, the research arm of AT&T created the 1st transistor, and made possible the minituarization of many devices. __Integrated circuits also helped advance development of the computer.__
 * 15) **__UNIVAC(794)-__**Universal Automic Computer created initially for the U.S. Census bureau by the Remington Rand Company. 1st computer able to handle alphabetical+numerical info easily. Accurately predicting the landslide victory for Dwight Eisenhower over Stevenson gave the computer publicity. IBM's early successes+amount of money poured in research+development, made company worldwide leader in computers for yrs.
 * 16) **__The Hydrogen Bomb(796)-__** 1952 U.S. successfully detonated 1st hydrogen bomb. Derives its power from fusion, not fission. Capable of producing explosions greater than earlier fission bombs. __Gave impetus to develop intercontinental ballistic missiles or ICBMs, capable of traveling through space to distant targets.__
 * 17) **__The Shock of Sputnik(797)-__**SU's launching of an earth orbiting satellite was seen as a failure for U.S. More money was poured into scientific education, more research laboratories to speed the development of America's exploration of outer space.
 * 18) **__The Apollo Program(798)-__** Purpose to land men on the moon. July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong+2 other men landed on moon. The last was in 192, after that enthusiasm died down.__The Space program, like military development of missiles gave a tremendous boost to American aeronautics industry+responsible for development of many technologies that proved valuable in other areas.__
 * 19) __"**Consensus"(798)-**__ New prosperity inspired Americans to view abundance as the key to understanding the American past+American character. Believed that "consensus" of competitive, right of property, economic individualism, value of competition.
 * 20) __**Consumer Crazes(798)-**__1950s notable for rapid spread of great national consumer crazes. Children, adolescents+some adults became entranced in late 1950s w/ the hula hoop. Many entertainers turned an entertainment success into an effective tool for marketing consumer goods.
 * 21) __**Interstate Highways(799)-**__ Highways that __reduced the time necessary to travel from one place to another. Made trucking more economic thatn railroads. Made travel by automobile+bus as fast or faster than travel by passenger trains, led to decline of railroads. Encouraged movt of economic activities(especially manufacturing) out of cities+into surburban+rural areas where land was cheaper.__
 * 22) __**Fast Food(800)-**__
 * 23) __**Demands for Energy(800)-**__
 * 24) __**"Levittown"(800)-**__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;"> By 1960 a third of the nation’s population was living in suburbs
 * 1) __**Prevailing Gender Roles Reinforced(801)-**__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;"> For professional men, suburban life generally meant a rigid division
 * 1) __**Dr. Benjamin Spock(801)-**__<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;"> Said that the needs of the child come before
 * 1) __**Feminism Weakened(802)-**__ 1950s weakened the power of feminism but laid the groundwork for the feminist crusades of the 1960s and 1970s.
 * 2) __**Social Consequences of Television(802)-**__<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Television entertainment programming replace movies
 * 1) __**Television's homogenizing Message(802)-**__Created a<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">n image that was predominately white, middle-class,
 * 1) __**Sierra Club reborn(803)**__
 * 2) __**Growth of Specialized Education(803)**__
 * 3) __**the Beat Generations Critiques(805)-**__
 * 4) __**Elvis Presley(806)-**__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Presley became a symbol of a youthful
 * 1) __**Rock' n' R**____**oll's Black Roots(806)-**__<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">One of the most powerful signs of the restiveness of American youth
 * 1) __**"Payola"Scandals(807)-**__<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Disk Jockeys
 * 1) __**the Other America(807)-**__<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Chronicles of the continuing existence of poverty in
 * 1) __**Persistent Poverty(808)-**__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">This poverty was a poverty that the growing prosperity of the postwar
 * 1) __**Declining Agricultural Prices(808)-**__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Not all farmers were poor. But the agrarian economy did produce substantial
 * 1) __**Black Urban Migration(808)-**__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">African Americans helped this growth.
 * 2) __**"Urban Renewal"(809)-**__ <span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">In some cases, urban renewal provided new public

= = =Notes 822-832=
 * Election of 1960(822)- JFK overcame public doubts over his youth and religion to win 49.9%to Richard Nixon's 49.6% of the popular vote+only a slightly more comfortable electoral majority(303:219).**
 * Kennedy Assassinated(822)- Killed by Lee Harvey Oswald who was in turn kiled by a nightclub owner. Kennedy's death 1st accepted w/ commission report, then later a greater conspiracy became prominent in the minds of Americans.**
 * The "Great Society"(823)- Lyndon Johnson's reform program. Won approval through skillful lobbying.**
 * Medicare and Medicaid(823)- Medicare: program to provide federal aid to the elderly for medical expenses. __Defused opposition by allowing doctors to practice privately+charge normal fees; shifted fees from patient to govt. they were part of a larger assault on poverty.__**
 * Community Action Program(824)-An effort to involve members of poor communities im the planning of programs designed to aid them. __Provided jobs for many poor ppl+provided them w/ valuable experience. However, it proved impossible to sustain, b/c of administrative failures+excesses of a few agencies damaged the image of agency.__**
 * Housing and Urban Development(825)-**
 * Immigration Act of 1965(825)-**
 * SNCC(826)-**
 * "Freedom Riders"(826)-**
 * March on Washington(827)-**
 * "Freedom Summer"(828)-**
 * Voting Rights Act(829)-**
 * De jure and De facto Segregation(830)-**
 * Watts Riot(830)-**
 * Shift from Integration to Racial Distinction(831)-**
 * An Increasingly Divided Civil Rights Movement(831)-**
 * Nation of Islam(832)-**

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">832-843 Notes = **Flexible Response(832)-** Kennedy admin believed the U.S. ought to counter communism in more flexible ways. Kennedy believed 3rd world countries were vulnerable to communism. Gave support to expansion of special forces. **Bay of Pigs(833)-** Failure on April 17, 1961 when CIA trained armed rebels to rebel against Fidel Castro+rebels were easily crushed by Cuban troops after not receiving U.S. air support/uprising by Cuban ppl. **Cuban Missile Crisis(834)-**Oct 22 when Kennedy ordered a naval+aerial blockade around Cuba b/c of fear of nuclear weapons. **Intervention in the Dominican Republic(834)-** Johnson sent 30,000 American troops to quell the disorder. Foreign policy was almost totally dominated by bitter civil war in Vietnam by expanding involvement of U.S. **The Vietminh(835)-** Created in 1941 by nationalists+led by Ho Chi Minh, a communist educated in Paris+Moscow, and a fervent Vietnamese nationalist. Fall 1945 declared Vietnam an independent nation+set a nationalist govt under Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi. **Geneva Conference(835)-** U.S. only partially involved in Vietnam phase of Geneva Conference. __Produced an agreement to end the Vietnam conflict. Vietnam temporarily separated along 17th parallel w/ Vietminh in control of N.Vietnam, pro-western in South.__ **South Vietnamese Society(836)-** Consisted of Khmer(Cambodians). Ppl from N. would move there. Looser, heterogeneous, individualistic society. Factionalized. Prosperous+fertile than N. Not overpopulated, produced a surplus for expert, heavily influenced by French, not committed to nat.unity. **Ngo Dinh Diem(837)-**Central Vietnam, an outsider in S. Well-regarded by U.S. by challenging against S.Vietnamese mafia+against French&a nationalist. **The NLF(838)-** National Liberation Front known as the Viet Cong-- an organization closely allied w/ the N. Vietnamese govt. Committed to overthrowing the "puppet regime" of Diem+reuniting the nation. Successful in destabilizing the Diem regime. **Diem Overthrown(838)-**Buddhist crisis embarrassed kennedy admin. Wanted Diem to reform, but he wouldn't&Kennedy gave order to a group of Vietnamese generals to topple Diem. Generals staged the coup, assassinated Diem, his brother+principal adviser, and established 1st of a series of new govts. **Gulf of Tonkin Resolution(839)-**416:0 Congress pased it approving pres to take all measures to protect U.S. forces+prevent further aggression in S.east Asia. **Mounting Casualties(840)-** More than 180,000 U.S. combat troops in Vietnam; including large amount of civilian personnel. **Strategy of "Attrition"(841)-** U.S. could inflict so many casualties+so much damage on the enemy that they would be unable+unwilling to continue the struggle. __Failed b/c N. Vietnamese proved willing to commit many soldiers to the conflict than U.S.__ **"Hearts and Minds"(841)-** Intened to push the Viet Cong from particular regions+"pacify" those regions by winning the "hearts and minds" of the ppl. Pacification program. __U.S. forces not adept at establishing the same kind of rapport w/ provincial Vietnamese that the Viet Cong had created.__ **Growing Opposition to the war(842)-** By the end of 1967, students opposed to the war became impt force. Members of Congres as well. **War-Induced Inflation(843)-** Inflation rate increased each in from 1967. In 1967 Johnson asked for a tax increase-- a 10% "war tax" in return Conservatives demanded+received a $6 billion reduction in funding for Great Society programs.

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