Unit+3

__** ﻿ The Growth of Cotton Farming, Slavery, & Plantation**__
 * Invention of the cotton gin in 1794 by Eli Whitney made separating the seeds from picked cotton quicker and made cotton production profitable for southern states.
 * Growing and cultivating cotton became a lucrative and less labor-intensive cash crop, led to an increase in cotton production in the Deep South This, in turn, led to an increase in the number of slaves and slaveholders, and to the growth of a cotton-based agricultural economy in the South.
 * =Many white settlers and slaveowners traveled to the lower South by the thousands and transferred their assets to cotton plantations.=

__Bubble U.S. Organizer__
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__Chapter 11 Questions__
1. The principles of capitalism in relation to the spread of cotton and slavery during the 19th century include competition,(plantation owners competing, and migration from upper south to lower south), supply and demand, class distinctions and increasing separations between Northern and Southern life. The rise of cotton production or "king cotton" led to an increase in the amount and demand for slaves in the Old South, which in turn led to class distinctions that marked slaves as a sign of aristocratic social status. The relation to capitalism is that the rise increase in the demand for cotton led to an increase in the production of cotton. In order to cultivate more cotton more and more slaves were transported from the upper south to the lower south. As in capitalism there were class distinctions between the rich aristocrats and the labor class, with the number of slaves owned being an indicator of social status in the south. The South competed with the North over trade. Growing textile industries in the North plus the growing cotton plantations meant north and south was more connected. North didn't have cotton and couldn't make textiles, south did not have textiles and needed to sell their cotton. 2. The early relationship between the North and South in the early to mid 1800s was one that differed greatly from one another. The North had an advanced industrial and commercial economy; the South had an agrarian economy that depended heavily on the institution of slavery, a weak transportation region with no canals, limited roads and railroads that connected the whole region. The South also felt as subordinates to the Northern economy. In other words, the South wanted to create an independent economy that could thrive on its own and expanded commercially and agriculturally. James De Bow warned of the dangers between the Northern and Southern relationship. Overall, the relationship between the North and the South became increasingly divided and hostile towards one another. 3. Southern society was divided amongst the planter class, the plain folk and the slave laborers; the culture included a code of chivalry among men and the belief in subordinate women. The planter class was a very small group of southerners who owned a great deal of land and slaves. The planter class exercised a great deal of religious, political and economic control. The plain folk were the majority of the southern population who were opposed to aristocratic rule and had limited educational opportunities. The slaves were the laborers who were not given any rights and were considered legal property under the slave codes of the South. The "Cult of Honor" was a code of chivalry among males that showed how the idea of honor in the South was only partly connected to the idea of ethical behavior and bravery. It also showed the importance amongst white males of the public appearance of dignity and authority. The "Southern Lady" was a women who was mainly centered at home and who had more children than the whole nation as a whole. 4. Slavery in the cities was a large institution because the demand for slaves was very high and worked in mining and lumbering. They also worked on docks, construction sites, drove wagons, and performed other unskilled jobs in cities and towns. Over time as the number of cities grew the number of slaves declined and segregation of urban slaves became prominent. Life for free African Americans was very restrictive because of white fear of slave revolts. They were restricted through rigid state laws that forbade them to assemble without white supervision, and placed numerous other restraints on them. Some slaves generally in the North attained wealth and prominence. They had to support themselves, to pay taxes an to find housing.

=﻿**__Chapter 12 Preview__**=
 * __Antebellum Culture and Reform__**
 * **"Antebellum" most likely refers to the 30 or 40 years before the Civil War.**
 * **During 1820s American literature was held in low regard by European nations.**
 * **North and Southerners had differing images of American society.**
 * **Transcendalists were a result of romantacism movement and stressed victory of externally imposed learning.**

__﻿Temperance Movement-__**about moderation, not prohibition. Married women b/c husbands spent family money on alcohol, domestic violence from husbands, husbands were affected poorly by alcohol consumption(loss of job, loss of income).**

1933, 21st amendement repealed the 18th amendment to the Constitution. Prohibition- to prohibit, to not allow.
 * **Pros+Cons of Alcohol Consumption**
 * Cons:**
 * **Alcohol poisoning can occur**
 * **Drunk Driving**
 * **Loss of brain cells**
 * **People aren't in control of their emotions**
 * **Bad for the liver**
 * Pros:**
 * **Helps to relieve stress**
 * **Good for business**
 * **Prohibition would lead to bootlegging. (Al Capone, smuggler)**
 * I believe that alcohol should be banned because people don't think straight and aren't themselves while under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol does not help the body in any way, shape or form, it only serves as a commodity that industries use to profit from. Alcohol shouldn't be sold by alcohol industries because they are selling a product that is hurting the very customers they are trying to convince to keep buying the beverage. Alcohol is responsible for drunk driving accidents, abusive violence and other incidents.**
 * My law would ban alcohol consumption completely and make it illegal to possess alcohol anywhere.**
 * 1919, 18th amendment to Constitution was passed which outlawed making, selling or distribution of alcohol. Failed.**

__Analysis of "The Drunkards Progress"__ This picture illustrates that alcohol consumption begins with "a glass with a friend" and over time increases and increases into a full on addiction that destroys the consumer's life. They shift from being an acknowledged drunkard to abandoned, poor, desperate and eventually so depressed about their negative circumstances that suicide is the only result. I don't agree with how the cartoon assumes everyone during this period had a wife and child, and even if they did, not everyone was a drunkard. How did the husbands feel about their wives during this period speaking out against alcohol consumption? I can infer that the men felt that the women didn't know what they were talking about and probably wanted the women to stick to their wifely dutites. I think this picture also portrays the stark difference between Northern and Southern culture: the North was civilized and unaffected by the temperance movement, while the South largely consisted of drunkards and troubled families. __Analysis of Picture__ This picture shows the people during the temperance movement who consumed alcohol were considered to be possessed by an evil spirit and victims of alcohol. It also shows an angry man, which describes the men during the temperance movement. Angry, drunk, abusive, violent and dangerous towards the wife and kids. ==

__**Chapter 13 MAPS**__

pg. 340- **Expanding Settlement, 1810-1850**. pg.345-**Western Trails in 1860** pg.347-**The Oregon Boundary,1846** pg.349-**The Mexican War, 1846-1848** pg.350- **Southwestern Expansion, 1845-1853** Ro
 * Much of the U.S. acquisition of territories occured in 1840s. There was a great deal of open land in the west before the 1840s.
 * From 1810-1830 was when the greatest amounts of westward expansion occured most likely b/c of the increase in spread of Manifest Destiny.
 * Great deal of migrants to CA most likely b/c of gold rush and the migration of farmers, entrepreneurs and mountain men.
 * There were trails all over the West probably b/c there were a great deal of people migrating and there needs to be alot of people.
 * Most traveled and were guided by Native Americans. Many fur traders established trading posts in West.
 * Mexico is to the south and then there were more Americans then Mexicans, and later there were more Americans than Indians.
 * The boundary in dispute was the 1846 treaty line. It was relatively small but could still have reflected the beliefs of American expansion.
 * **America won a majority of the battles in 1846-1848 and the disputed area was largely in Texas.**
 * This reflected the U.S. dominance in the battle for the territory.
 * The U.S. acquired both Texas and a large portion of land from the Gadson Purchase, reflecting the large chunk of land acquired from 1845-1853**

__Compromise of 1850__

 * Compromise of 1850 nullified the Missouri Compromise line.
 * In South Carolina in 1850 57.5% of population were slaves.
 * Utah and New Mexico decided for themselves wheter slavery was permitted or not by the people known as "popular sovreignty."

__2010 DBQ Work__
__**Thesis:**__ New England colonies from 1630 through the 1660s were influenced greatly by the political, economic and social valueds held by puritans. = **There was also conflict within Puritan communities because of the lack of religious tolerance which led to the founding of Rhode Island by Roger Williams. In "A Plea for Religious Liberty" Williams emphasizes the lack of religious tolerance and the dominant protestant religion in Puritan communities. He writes that " God requireth not a uniformity of religion to be enacted and enforced in any civil state" and that any religious uniformity "is the greatest occasion of civil war.** = =
 * __**Political:**__ In "A Model of Christian Charity" John Wintrop stresses how Puritans ought to be united in their community. He states that individuals within the communtiy "must be knit together, in this work as one man."
 * "The Enlargened Salem Covenant of 1636" showcases how Puritans believed in the importance of the church in governing everyday lives. In fact, Puritans avoided doing anything" to the offence of the church."
 * __Economic__**: A town map of colonial New England displays a large number of farms which shows that the New England colonies depended on subsistence farming a great deal.
 * __Social:__** A typical town map of New England reinforces the patriarchal structure of Puritan society, in that most land was owned by the fathers of families and the son's inherited that land through their fathers.

=__Chapter 13 Questions__= 1. The annexation of Texas sparked debate amongst many individuals. For one, many American northerners opposed acquiring a large and potential slave territory and others also opposed increasing the amount of Southern votes in congress. American Texans supported Annexation by the United States. Many expansionists supported the annexation of Texas because of their belief in Manifest Destiny. 2. The process by which Texas and California joined the Union was a diplomatic and military dominant campaign that was both satisfactory between the U.S. and Texas. The U.S. conquered both California and Mexico City before the Mexicans gave in to U.S. demands. President Polk's special envoy, Nicholas Trist, on February 28, 1948 was sent to Mexico and agreed on a treaty with the Mexican government known as the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. In this treaty, the U.S. would acquire California and New Mexico and the Mexicans would acknowledge the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas. Also, the U.S. agreed to assume any financial claims its citizens had against Mexico and to pay Mexicans $15 million. I believe the methods and the outcome of the conflict overall was beneficial to both parties involved. The U.S. already possessed two extremely large territories and negotiation with the U.S. was the only way Mexico could have a happy ending. President Polk did well to compromise due to the fact that ardent expansionist wanted the annexation of all of Mexico, and abolitionists were fearful that the new territories would expand slavery further. Either way, the U.S. dominated both California and Mexico and Mexico was in no position to say no to the U.S. 3. America in the middle of the 19th century was growing more and more sectional and divided with the issue of slavery spurring the creation of the Republican Party in 1854, while also dividing and destroying the Whig Party. Many Americans debated wheter or not slavery should be permitted in the new western territories and the issue of popular sovereignty, the ability of the individuals within a territory to decide if slavery should be permitted. The Free-Soilers and the Pro-Slavery advocates attempted more and more to justify their perspectives on slavery. John Brown's raid angered much of the South and accelerated the disunion of the South from the North. 4. "Bleeding Kansas" was the term used to describe the sectional crisis occurring in Kansas. Pro-slavery settlers elected a majority legalizing slavery, while enraged anti-slaver settlers elected their own constitutional convention which adopted a convention excluding slavery. The pro-slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers fought using irregular guerrilla warfare and causing a great deal of strife in their cities. A great deal of people were killed during the Pottawatomie Massacre led by devout abolitionist John Brown. He also attempted to raise a slave uprising in the South but failed. Kansas was the battleground where abolitionists and supporters of slavery fought because of their differing opinions on the existence of slavery within their state. 5. The statement that the election of James Buchanan caused the Civil War within the United States has merit. He was a "painfully and indecisive president at a critical moment in history." The antebellum period was very critical seeing how the North and the South were becoming more and more divided. During his first year the U.S. was struck with a financial panic, followed by a depression that lasted several years. In the North, the depression strengthened the Republican Party because distressed workers, farmers and manufactures blamed the hardtimes on the poor decisions by Southern controlled Democratic administrations. "Southern Controlled [Democrats]" signifys that the North did not support Buchanan because he himself was not anti-slavery. He endorsed the //Dred Scott// decision and supported the admission of Kansas as a slave state. Instead I believe the actions of John Brown had more of an impact on the civil war and the election of Abraham Lincoln as president caused the civil war. In the end, I believe James Buchanan's entire presidency was marked by minor actions that pushed the conflict between the North and South to a boiling point until Lincoln's presidency finally pushed the South over the edge and spurned the disunion of the South from the North. Military-Industrial Complex

__Chapter 14(pgs.388-399 Notes)__
__ The Western Theater(390) __ __ The Virginia Front, 1862(390) __ __ 1863: Year of Decision(390) __
 * Union lost, forced to retreat to Washington, dispelled illusion of quick war.
 * In 1863 Union army under Gen George McClellan “liberated” anti-secessionists in western VA+area admitted to Union as West Virginia 1863.
 * The stalemate in East led to 1862 military operations in West. April 1862 Union forced surrender of New Orleans, closed Mississippi R to Confed trade + took away South’s largest city and most impt banking center.
 * Gen Ulysses S. Grant captured forts under command of Confed Gen Albert Johnston. In doing so Grant forced Confederacy(confed) out of Kentucky and Tennessee.
 * Grant then marched south, fought forced of Gen Sidney and Gen Beauregard at Battle of Shiloh April 1862. Narrow Union victory allowed capture of several impt railroad lines vital to the Confederacy.
 * The Union operations in 1862 were directed by General McClellan (commander of the Army of the Potomac), he was controversial because he was usually reluctant to put troops in battle.
 * McClellan planned Peninsular Campaign- use navy to transport troops, attack Confed capital at Richmond from behind. Gen McDowell left to defend D.C.
 * Then Confed Gen Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson looked as if planning to cross Potomac to Washington, defeated Union forces in Valley campaign+ withdrew.
 * <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">At the same time, McClellan battled and defeated Confed Gen Joseph Johnston at Battle of Fair Oaks. Johnston replaced by Gen Robert E. Lee who battled McClellan at Battle of the Seven Days. Union able to advance near Richmond.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">When McClellan delayed attack Lincoln ordered him to move to northern VA to forces under Gen John Pope. But as Army of Potomac moved Lee attacked Pope with his Army of Northern Virginia at 2nd Battle of Bull Run (August)
 * Lincoln replaced Pope + McClellan led all forces. Lee planned offensive, resulted in Battle of Antietam Creek- bloodiest single-day of war w/ 6,000 dead & 17,000 injured. Confed withdrew but McClellan could have defeated Lee w/ last assault. Lincoln relieved McClellan from command in November, his replacement Gen Ambrose Burnside relieved in December after failures.

> In July besieged Confed stronghold at Vicksburg, MI surrendered to Grant.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">New commander of Army of the Potomac Gen Joseph Hooker attacked by Lee + Jackson at Battle of Chancellorsville, barely able to escape w/ army.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">While Union frustrated in East won impt victories in the West
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Union now controlled entire Mississippi R, Confederacy split in two- Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas cut off from other seceded states.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">To divert Union forces away from Missippi and Vicksburg and to gain major victory on N soil to get English and French aid, Lee proposed PA invasion.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">New Army of the Potomac commander Gen George Meade battled Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3. Meade defeated Lee w/ surrender on July 4, same day as Vicksburg defeat.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Weakened Confed forced now unable to seriously threaten N territory.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">In September Gen Braxton Braggfought Union army under William Rosecrans, Union defeated at Battle of Chickamauga.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Bragg then fought remaining Union forces at Battle of Chattanooga (Tennessee) in November. Grant reinforced the Union army, Union won and occupied most of eastern TN and controlled important Tennessee River.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Confed could not only hope to win independence thru holding on + exhausting N will to fight, not thru decisive military victory.
 * The Last Stage, 1864-1865(395)

__Chapter 14 Questions__ 1. On the Southern home front women were responsible for managing the farms and plantations while their husbands were at war. 2. The South mobilized for the war by raising a confederate army that consisted of doctors, blacksmiths, carpenters and other whlie male workers in other occupations. They also enacted in April 1862 a Conscription Act, subjecting all white males between the ages of 18 and 35 to military service for 3 years. The national government attempted to raise money by enacting an income tax on the individuals within the Southern states but that act only produced about 1 percent of the governments total income. The South also issued bonds, but that action quickly failed due to the excess amounts of bonds, which caused southern citizens to lose faith and stop buying money. Cotton diplomacy and efforts to borrow money in Europe using cotton as colatteral fared no better. 4. The Union emerged triumphant during the Civil war because of their stabler political system led by one of the greatest leaders in the nation's history, while the Confederacy had an untested government and weak leader. The North also had a much larger population, a far more developed industrial economy, superior financial institutions, and a better railroad system. Also, many of the wars were fought on Southern land greatly weaking the South's resources.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Beginning 1864 Grant named general-in-chief of all Union armies. Planned two offensives: use Army of Potomac in VA to fight Lee near Richmond, and use western army under Gen William Sherman to advance toward Atlanta.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Grant’s Overland campaign in VA led Lee to win three battles (Battle of the Wilderness, Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse, Battle of Cold Harbor).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Grant then decided to bypass Richmond to railroad center at Petersburg- strong defenses and reinforcement by Lee led to 9-month siege.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">In Georgia Gen Sherman fought Gen Johnston and his replacement Gen Hood, took Atlanta in Sept- electrified N + united Repub Party behind Lincoln.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Sherman defeated Confed at Battle of Nashville, while beginning his March to the Sea- sought to deprive Confed army of war materials and railroad but also break will of Southern ppl by burning towns and plantations along route.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Sherman captured Savannah, GA in Dec, turned north thru SC and NC.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">April 1865 Grant’s Army of the Potomac captured vital railroad juncture in Petersburg. W/o rail access to South and cut off rom other Confed forces Lee no longer able to defend Richmond.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Lee attempted to move army around Union in hope of meeting forces with Gen Johnston in North Carolina, but Union blocked and pursued him.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Realizng more bloodshed was futile Lee met w/ Grant in town of Appomattox Courthouse, VA- surrendered there on April 9.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Nine days later Gen Johnston surrendered to Sherman in North Carolina.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">In military war was effectively over even though Jefferson Davis refused to accept defeat. He fled Richmond but was captured in Georgia.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/17px Verdana; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">War weakened south+strengthened North. The U.S. would grow more industrial+commercial. Victory for emancipated African-Americans b/c of Emancipation Proclamation+13th amendment, which abolished slavery.

__Perspectives on Civil War and Reconstruction__
"A house divided against itself cannot stand."--Abraham Lincoln __Thoughts and Opinions on the Civil War__ Justin's Opinion/Argument **: The North and the South were inevitably heading towards war and war was worth it because the North and the South were too different economically and socially and the result of the war was the end of slavery for African Americans.** =__Chapter 15 Questions__= 1. At the conclusion of the Civil War Southern society was in need of reconstruction in many aspects of life. Following the war the south was left with destroyed towns, plantations and farms. The civil war brought the issue of whether or not the South should join the Union to the front. For one, African Americans had to figure out a place to go because many emancipated slaves had no place to go following their liberation. They also had to reinvent southern society to adopt African Americans into the region and the culture even though it was filled with strong white hostility. 2. The U.S. government structure affected Reconstruction in negative ways. In the South, Blacks had blacks did not rule and did not control any of the state legislatures. The percentage of black officeholders was always far lower than the percentage of blacks in the population. Some criticized reconstruction as a period of extravagance and corruption. In summary, the South spoke bitterly of Reconstruction as a period where Congress imposed corrupt and incompetent governments and saddled the region with enormous debt, and trampled the rights of the citizens, while the Blacks felt that the national and state governments were inadequate in providing African Americans the most fundamental rights of citizens. 3.Reconstruction ended with the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the return of white democratic control of state government. The results were that the national government gave up in its attempts to control Southern politics and to improve the lot of blacks in Southern society.The South returned to its closed oligarchy, whose members were known as "redeemers" or "bourbons." The South also grew dramatically and industry became more prominent with in the South. One example is how railroad development increased substantially in the post-Reconstruction years. =﻿=
 * Abraham Lincoln opposed secession + didn't believe that the South should go unpunished after seceding from the Union.
 * Robert E. Lee was a moderate and he opposed secession.
 * Grant supported the Republican Party in the South
 * James Buchanan thought "no state had the right to secede from the Union but suggested that the federal government had no authority to stop a state if it did."
 * Freed Blacks believed they should be given equal rights and should
 * South felt that the Northern policies were implemented to inflict humiliation and revenge on the South and wanted to delay union of sections. South often thought back to the "lost cause" and built monuments commemorating past leaders and heroes before the Civil War.
 * North felt that their policies towards the South was a critical part of keeping the south from reverting to their antebellum society.
 * The Civil War was worth it because African Americans gained more rights and were actually acknowledged as people by the 14th amendment 1868 when the earlier Dred Scott decision of 1857 stated that African Americans were property and not citizens. Also, slavery had been an institution in the South for hundreds of years and immediate change was not going to come in a region where slavery was considered to be the very foundation of Southern society. There wasn't any other way to solve the problem of war because each time a new state would apply for statehood the North and the south would battle over whether or not that state ought to be a free state or slave state. Constant bickering over a topic can only survive for so long before one side decides that it's one way or now. There would be other bleeding Kansas's.**
 * Franklin's opinion/ Argument: ** Helped free slaves in South and helped change the country for the better.