Unit+5

=﻿Unit 5= ==﻿Progressivism- The belief in human intervention in social,economic and political affairs to help improve the well being of others and society as a whole. Response to problems of industrialization and urbanization such as house working conditions, difficult working conditions, and corrupt governments. ==
 * Progressives- Individuals who believed in progressivism. They felt that government should play a major role in improving lives and feared the consolidation of power into the hands of a few.Wanted to stop the corruption and power of the political bosses.**
 * Progressive Era- Period of social activisim and reform spanning from the 1890s to the 1920s.**
 * Muckrackers- Progressive Journalists who exposed corruption, scandal and used their stories to engage the public into taking more of an approach in the public life.**

2-Column Notes pg.565 below
 * [[image:http://www.wikispaces.com/i/mime/32/application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document.png height="32" link="http://princemapnotebook.wikispaces.com/file/view/Chapter+21+2-Column+Notes.docx"]] [|Chapter 21 2-Column Notes.docx]**

__Notes pg.566-577__
**__The Progressive Impulse(566-572)__** **Progressives believed in advancement and believed society was capable of improvement and that continued growth+advancement was the nation's destiny.** **Did not believe in laissez faire+social darwinism and "natural laws" believed in direct intervention in social+economic affairs to ordering and bettering society.** **__Varieties of Progressivism(566)__** **__The Muckrakers(566-567)__** **__The Social Gospel(567)__** **__The Settlement House Movement(568)__** **__The Allure of Expertise(571)__** __**The Professions(571)**__ __**Women and the Professions(572)**__ __**Women And Reform(572-576)**__ __**The "New Woman"(573)**__ __**The Clubwomen(573)**__ __**Women Suffrage(575)**__ Some argued that war would cease b/c women w/ their calm nature would curb belligerence of men. Suff's also argued allowing women to vote would help temperance movement, which women consisted the most of. Women were not coherent on any issue other than voting rights. Most other questions, women were no more in agreement than men.Women's suffrage not seen as a victory b/c so many women(AA's) were out of its reach.19th amendment=crucial step to which the nation extended political rights+justice to larger groups of citizens. The Assault on The Parties(577-581) Most progressive goals entailed involvement of gov't. Reformer's thought only gov't could counter the powerful private institutions that threatened the nation. Pro's believed at beginning of 20th century that gov't not equipped to perform their tasks. At every level, political institutions outmoded, inefficient&corrupt. Pro's thought before society could be refromed, gov't would have to be reformed. Many reformers thought 1st step would be to challenge dominant roles politcal parties had on the life of the state. Considered parties corrupt, undemocratic+reactionary. Early Attacks(577) Mugwumps(Independent Republicans) attempted to challenge the party rule of Democrats+Republicans. Mugwumps supported many political reform activities in the 1890s and later. Municipal Reform(577)
 * **Progressives wanted to limit concentrated powers+disperse wealth evenly.This spirit known as "anti-monopoly. Appealed to workers, farmers+middle-class Americans. Helped empower gov't to help break up trusts at state+national level.**
 * **Progressives believed that individuals were part of a larger web in society, not completely independent. Thought welfare of single individual depended on welfare of the whole. Progressive initiatives were launched to help "victims" of industrialization such as women, African Americans, immigrants+industrial workers.**
 * **Pro's had deep faith in knowledge and the possibility of applying knowlege to society the principles of natural+social sciences. Seemed a route to organization+efficiency.Most pro's believed modernized government should play a role in improving lives.**
 * **Pro's believed party bosses, amateurs, and others were not fit, and new and enhanced institutions of gov'. Made use of all these ideas, separately or in combination as they tried to bring order and progress to turbulent society.**
 * **Committed journalists labeled Muckrakers by Theodore Roosevelt who articulated the social injustices and wanted to expose corruption, scandal and other wrongdoings.**
 * **Muckrackers shifted from exposing corruption in trusts and the railroads to exposing the wrongdoings of the government and political machines. They felt that the people should take more of an interest in the public life+stand against corruption in their midst.**
 * **Reached peak of influence in 1st decade of 20th century. Investigated gov'ts, labor unions+corporations. Explored various problems(child labor, immigrant ghettos..), Denounced waste+destruction of natural resources, subjugation of women, occasionally blacks. Presented problems w/ moral indignation which inspired other Americans to take action.**
 * **Muckrakers expressed pro's beliefs: opposition to monopoly, belief in need for social unity against corruption+injustice.**
 * **"Social Gospel" by early 20th century had become a powerful movement w/in American protestantism. Mainly concerned w/ redeeming U.S. cities.**
 * **Salvation army mixed Christianity w/ reform. Offered both material aid+spiritual service to urban poor. Ministers, priests+rabbis left traditional parish work to seve in the troubled cities.**
 * **Walter Rauschenbusch, believed that humans weren't fighting for survival but should work to ensure a humanitarian evolution of social fabric.**
 * **Some Pro's dismissed social gospel. Others saw it as a useful complement to their own work. Religion w/ reform helped bring the moral aspect+committment to redeeming lives. Walter Rauschenbusch captured some of the optimism+spirituality of social Gospel.**
 * **Progressives disagreed w/ social darwinists'&thought that Ignorance, poverty and other problems were not inherent or genetic failings but the effects of an unhealthy environment. Improving the environment would improve the conditions of the individual.**
 * **To combat overcrowding settlement houses were formed. Houses were filled w/ educated middle class, filled w/ ideas taken from social sciences. The houses sought to help immigrant families adapt to language+customs of America.__S.houses avoided condescension+moral disapproval+generally embraced a belief that middle-cass Americans had a responsibility to impart their own values to immigrants.__**
 * **College women contributed heavily+movement became important training ground for future female leaders such as Eleanor Roosevelt. Settlement houses also helped produced the profession of social work.**
 * **Many pro's came to believe that enlightened individuals and well-designed bureaucracies could create stability+order in America.**
 * **Pro's came to insist on creation of new civilization in which scientists+engineers would use expertise to bear the burdens of society. Social scientist Thorstein Veblen was among the most influential+in** //A Theory of the Leisure Class(1899)// wrote that only engineers could understand the process by which society ought to be governed.
 * Desire for expertise saw the creation of taylorism&the rise in the desire for American education;Saw the growth of the social science, the use of scientific techniques in the study of society+its institutions. Produced a generation of bureaucratic reformers concerened w/structure of organizations+committed to building new political+economic institutions capable of managing a modern society. Helped create a movement toward organization among the expanding new group of middle-class professionals.
 * **Late 19th century saw a dramatic expansion in # of Americans enganged in administrative+professional tasks. industries needed managers, technicians, accountants+workers. Cities needed commercial, medical, legal+educational services. By 1900 people performing tasks constituted what became known as the new middle class.**
 * **As the demand for professional services, increased so did reform. Many people impersonated lawyers, doctors, and teachers. New middle class emphasized education+individual achievement.**
 * **American Medical Association in 1891 among 1st to respond+ reorganized the American Medical Association into a national professional society. 1920, 2/3 of all American doctors=members. AMA called for strict, scientific standards for admission to practice of medicine, w/ doctors serving as protectors of the standards. State+local gov'ts responded through passing new laws requiring the licensing of all physicians+giving licenses only to those practicioners approved by the profession.**
 * **By 1900, medical education at a few medical schools compared to European institutions. Teaching of medicine revolutioned by movement of students out of classroom into laboratories+clinics.**
 * **Lawyers+Businessmen responded by forming their own organizations to regulate admission into their professions. Law schools expanded as well as business schools. Farmers formed organizations to spread scientific farming methods, teaching sound marketing techniques,+lobby for interests of their members.**
 * **Some people excluded women, blacks, immigrants+"undesirables" in order to get what they wanted. Others used professionalization in order to ensure that demand for the services of existing members would remain higher.**
 * **Customs, traditions+laws excluded women from professions. Nevertheless, women emerging from colleges entered coeducational state universities.**
 * **1900, about 5% of all American physicians were female. Most turned to settlement houses, teaching, social work. AA black women teaching was only job they could find in segregated S.**
 * Early 20th century nursing gaining professional standards. Women became librarians and found professial opportunities in new+expanding women's colleges. Gained advanced degrees from prominent colleges.**
 * **Female activism represented an expansion in the women's sphere of influence and a confirmation of it.**
 * **More woman looking for work outside the home b/c children beginning school at an earlier age+spending more time there. Running water, electricity+household appliances made housework less difficult.**
 * **Declining family size+longer mortality of women resulted in women living longer after children were grown.**
 * **Some educated women shunned marriage altogether. About 10% of women at end of 19th century had never married, many middle-class. Many women lived together in secret marriages known as "Boston Marriages." Divorce rate rose in late 19th century.**
 * **New colleges helped spur the rise of women in reform activities. Helped create female communities, w/in which women could find support for their ambitions+companionship for their activities.**
 * **Beginning of 20th century women began to defining themselves as people outside the home.**
 * **Women's clubs in late 1800s and early 1900s displayed the increasing role of women in public activity. Became the start of many important reforms.**
 * **Women's clubs began largely as cultural organizations to provide middle-and upper-class women with an outlet for their intellectual energies. General Federation of Women's Clubs(1892) formed to organize the activities of local organizations.**
 * **By early 20th century, clubs concerned w/ social betterment. Club members from wealthy families+club had substantial funds.**
 * **Clubs excluded AA's+AA's formed their own clubs, some affiliated w/ General Federation+most became part of Independent National Association of Colored Women. Modeled themselves on white counterparts+also took positions such as lynchings+segregation.**
 * **Women's movement did not raise challenges to assumptions to the role of women, but did expand the women's sphere of influence.**
 * **Club movement helped establish gov't inspection of workplaces, outlawed manufacture+sale of alcohol. Instrumental in pressuring state legislatures to provide pensions to widowed or abandoned mothers w/ children. Pressured Congress to form Children's Bureau in labor department, an agency directed w/ creating policies to protect children(1912).**
 * **Club women joined w/ other alliances such as Women's Trade Union League. Many men supported women's crusade b/c of the men's thoughts towards the maternal inclinations of women+how their work emphasized the "nurturing" and "protective" features of their work.**
 * **One of the largest movements in U.S. history that attracted support from both men+women+whose leaders were mostly women was the fight for women's suffrage.**
 * **Suffrage seen as radical by early critics b/c women argued that naturally they should have the same rights as men. Believed a women's role as a wife, mother, sister, daughter was "incidental" to their larger role in society. This belief challenged the views of many men+women who believed society needed a sphere in which women would serves foremost as wives+mothers. Result: powerful antisuffrage movement led by men+women emerged to defend existing social norms. Antisuffrage organizations included: newspapers, rallies; petitions to legislatures; and widely circulated tracts(pamphlets about a topic). Opponents argued suffrage would disturb the natural order of civilization+linked suffrage with divorce. Linked suffrage w/ promiscuity, looseness, +neglect of children.**
 * First years of 20th century women's suffrage began to overcome opposition due to the safer, less threatening arguments suffragist leaders brought. The involvement of admired women(Jane Adams) added respectability to the cause. Arguments for suffrage in early 20th: suffrage would not challenge separate sphere where women resides, rather it would allow women to bring social+distinctive virtues to bear on society's problems.
 * Suff's argued that if blacks, immigrants+other lesser groups had the right to vote, it was not only unfair, but unwise to not allow educated, "well born" women to vote.
 * Victories of suffrage mov't began in 1910. Washington 1st state to grant women suffrage. CA(1911)+other west states in 1912. Suffrage mov't strong in west b/c of lack of Catholic communities+b.c in east ethnic battles linked to fights btwn protestants+Catholics.
 * Illinois(1913) 1st state to grant women's suffrage east of Mississippi.NY+Michigan(1918)followed suit.(1919) 39 states granted women the right to vote in some elections; 15 full participation.(1920) suffragist gained major victory w/ passage of 19th amendment, granting women the right to vote.
 * Some feminists weren't content w/ amendment&separate sphere such as Alice Paul, head of the militant National Women's Party(1916)+wanted women to have legal protection for their rights&to ensure no discrimination on the basis of sex. Leaders of the movement did not support Alice Paul's view b/c they felt the Equal Rights Amendment would void the 19th amendment, which women had been fighting for so many years to enact.
 * The new secret ballots printed by the gov't in the 1880s+1890s were printed to be filled out&depositied in secret, which helped chip away at the power of parties over the voters.
 * Critics of the parties thought party rule could be broken by increasing the power of the people, allowing them to navigate the political parties and express their will directly at the polls and by placing more power in the hands of nonpartisan, non elective officials who weren't influenced by political life.
 * Pro's like Lincoln steffens believed party rule was most damaging in the cities.City gov't first target for those working for political reform. Muckrakers managed to engage a powerful group of urban middle-class progressives who refused to become involved in municipal gov't b/c it was debased+demeaning. By end of century a new group were taking a growing interest in gov't.
 * This group challenged opponents such as saloon owners, brothel keepers+businessmen who had established lucrative relationships with the urban machines and who viewed reform as a threat to their profits. Newspapers allied w/ established interests felt reformers were naive do-gooders. Immigrants needed urban machines b/c they were a source of needed jobs and services. Growing numbers+failures of existing leadership led to in 1st yrs of 20th century to score some impt victories.
 * New Forms of Governance(579)
 * Tom Johnson, celebrated reform mayor of cleveland attempted to wage a long+difficult war against the powerful streetcar interests in his city, fighting to raise the ridiculously low assessments on railroad+utilities properties, to lower streetcar fares to 3 cents, and impose municipal ownership on basic utilities. Following his death, his aid, Newton D. Baker became mayor+helped maintain Cleveland's reputation as best-governed city in America. Other mayors effectively challenged local party bosses to bring the spirit of reform into city gov't.
 * __Statehouse Progressivism(580)__**
 * Many progs turned to state gov'ts for reform b/c reforming boss rule did not always produce satisfying results. State level progs like municipal progs believed state gov'ts were unfit for rule. State legislatures were often times ill-paid+corrupt&controlled by party bosses. Reformers looked for ways to navigate around boss-controlled legislatures by increasing power of electorate.
 * 2 most important changes proposed by populists in 1890s were the __initiative+referendum__. __Initiative__ allowed reformers to avoid state legislatures altogether by submitting new legislation directly to the voters in general elections. __Referendum__ was a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval. By 1918, more than 20 states had enacted 1 or both of the initiatives.
 * Direct primary+recall were measures to limit the power of party rule+improve quality of elected officials. Primary election was an attempt to take the selection of candidates away from bosses+give it to the people. In S, it was an effort to limit black voting, since many white S's believed primary voting would be easier to control than general elections.
 * a
 * 2 most important changes proposed by populists in 1890s were the __initiative+referendum__. __Initiative__ allowed reformers to avoid state legislatures altogether by submitting new legislation directly to the voters in general elections. __Referendum__ was a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval. By 1918, more than 20 states had enacted 1 or both of the initiatives.
 * Direct primary+recall were measures to limit the power of party rule+improve quality of elected officials. Primary election was an attempt to take the selection of candidates away from bosses+give it to the people. In S, it was an effort to limit black voting, since many white S's believed primary voting would be easier to control than general elections.
 * a

__**Parties and Interest Groups(581)**__

Sources of Progressive Reform(581-584)

__**Labor, the Machine, and Reform(581)**__
 * Some party machines emerged from prog's era as powerful as they had entered it. They recognized that they had to change in order to survive. They sometimes allowed their machines to become vehicles of social reform. Example of Charles Francis Murphy&Tammany Hall resulted in Tammany Hall using its political power for legislation to improve working conditions, protect child labor+eliminate worst abuses of the industrial economy.
 * __Western Progressives(583)__**
 * __Western Progressives(583)__**
 * __Western Progressives(583)__**

Crusade For Social Order and Reform(584) The Temperance Crusade(584) Immigration Restriction(585) Challenging the Capitalist Order(587-590) __**The Dream of Socialism(587)**__ __**Decentralization and Regulation(588)**__ Theodore Roosevelt and the modern Presidency(594) Theodore Roosevelt was a respected president+loved and admired by various progs. He was deeply conservative+brought to presidential office a broad conception of its powers+invested presidency w/ its moderns status as the center of national political life. The Accidental President(594) Government, Capital, and Labor(594) > "The Square Deal"(595) Roosevelt and Conservation(596) Roosevelt and Preservation(596) The Hetch Hetchy Controversy(598) The Panic of 1907(598) The Troubled Successin(598-601) Taft and the Progressives(599) The Return of Roosevelt(600) Spreading Insurgency(600) Roosevelt Versus Taft(601) Wodrow WILSON AND THE NEW FREEDOM(601-604) Woodrow Wilson(601) Retreat and Advance(603) The"Big Stick":America and the world, 1901-1917(604) Roosevelt and "Civilization(604)
 * __African Americans and Reform(583)__**
 * Prog' era produced significant changes for AAs' and social norms.
 * AA's faced greater legal,economic, political and social challenges than any other group in advocating for reform. Late 19th century many people embraced message of Booker T. Washington, which was to work for immediate self-improvement rather than large social change. People opposed to Washington's view emerged during 1900s+its chief spokesman was W.E.B. Du Bois.
 * Du Bois, unlike Washington had never experienced slavery+had attended many prestigious universities in America. In //The Souls of Black Folk(1903)// he challenged the Atlanta Compromise, accusing Washington of limiting the desires of his race.
 * Instead of trade+agricultural schools Du Bois advocated that talented blacks should accept nothing les than a full university education, aspire for the professions+ fight for the immediate restoration of their civil rights.
 * Many prog's felt elimination of alcohol from American society was necessary to restoring order. Workers in setlement houses+social agencies abhorred the effects of drinking on working-class families: Scarce wages vanished, drunkenness spawned violence,occassionally murder. Women specifically saw alcohol as one of the biggest problems of working class wives+mothers. Employers as well, b/c workers came to work drunk, intoxicated, which made their work sloppy+dangerous. Critics denounced liquor industry+political reformers denounced the saloons These sentiments spurred the temperance mov't.
 * Temperance had been major mov't before CW w/ strong evangelical motives. In 1870 it experienced a major resurgence. Mov't supported mainly by women. 1873 Women's Christian Temperance union(WCTU) formed. They publicized evils of alcohol+connection btwn drunkeness&family violence, unemployment, poverty+disease. 1893, Anti-Saloon League joined Temperance mov't&w/ WCTU, began to press for the legal abolition of saloons. Gradually, it grew to include the complete prohibition of the sale+manufacture of alcoholic beverages.
 * Pressure for prohibition grew gradually through 1st years of 1900s despite pressure from immigrants+working class voters. 1916, 19 states passed prohibition laws.America's entry into World War I w/ the moral devotion it produced was the last push towards prohibition. 1917, w/ support of rural fundamentalists who opposed alcohol on moral+religious grounds, proressive advocates of prohibition steered through Congress the 18th amendment embodying their demands. 2 yrs later, after ratification from every state except CT and RI, the 18th amendment became law to take effect in January 1920.
 * Some progs believed immigration problem should be handled by assimilating the immigrants+others argued that efforts at assimilation had failed+the only solution was to limit the flow of new arrivals.
 * First yrs of 1900s pressure grew to close the U.S. off. New progressive respect for expertise argued that introduction of immigrants into American society was polluting the nation's racial stock. Eugenics was created to support this theory+resulted in the early 20th century by Carnegie Foundation, to turn eugenics into a method of altering human reproduction. __It was an effort to grade races+ethnic groups according to their genetic qualities.__Eugenicists advocated the sterilization of the mentally retarded, criminals+others.They spread the belief that human inequalities were hereditary and that immigration was contributing to the multiplication of the unfit...
 * Most reformers believed many problems including corruption could be traced to corporate America. Prominent among progs was reforming behavior of the capitalist world.
 * Radical critiques of Capitalism was strongly supported in the period between 1900 and 1914, a first in U.S. history. Socialist party never a force to challenge the 2 major parties, but it did grow significantly in these years. Eugene Debs the perennial leader of Socialist Party received 1 million ballots in election of 1912. Party strongest among urban immigrant communities, particularly among Germans+Jews. Attracted support loyalties of a large number of protestant farmers in South+ mid-west. Important intellectuals supported socialism b/c of its support for pacifism+labor militancy.
 * Virtually all socialists agreed on the need for basic structural changes in the economy, but differed on the extent of those changes&the tactics necessary to achieve them. Some endorsed radical goals of European Marxists; others saw a more moderate reform that would allow small-scale private enterprise to survive but would national major industries. Some believed in working for reform through electoral politics. Others militant direct action. The Industrial Workers of the World(IWW), advocated a single union for all workers+abolition of the "wage slave"system;rejected political action in favor of strikes. Industrial Workers of Wobblies widely believed to be responsible for dynamiting of railroad lines+other acts of terror, although the image of their use of violence was exaggerated.
 * IWW one of few labor organizations of the time to lead cause of unskilled workers+had strength in the West--where a large group of migratory labor found it very difficult to organize or sustain conventional unions.Wobblies created a far-flung social network that became a home to workers who were otherwise rootless.
 * 1917, a strike by IWW in Washington+Idaho shut down production in the industry. The federal government was angered b/c it had just began mobilizing for war+needed timber for war production. Federal authorities imprisoned the leaders of the strike+state gov't btwn 1917+1919 passed laws that outlawed the IWW.
 * Many reformers agreed w/ socialists that the greatest threat to the nation's economy was excessive corporate centralization+consolidation, most progressives maintained a faith in possibilities of reform w/in a capitalist system. Many reformers hoped to restore U.S. economy to a human scale. They argued that federal gov't should work to break up largest combinations+enforce a balance btwn need for bigness+need for competitions.
 * Viewpoint about role of fed.gov't was identified particulary closely w/ Louis D. Brandeis, a brilliant lawyer, and later justice of the Supreme Court, who spoke+wrote about the "curse of bigness" in his 1913 book //Other People's Money//.
 * Brandeis+supporters opposed bigness b/c they thought it was inefficient. Thought bigness was a threat not just to efficiency but to freedom. It limited the ability of individuals to control their own destinies. It encouraged abuses of power. Brandies insisted, gov't must regulate competition in such a way as to ensure that large combinations did not emerge.
 * Other prog's believed that efficiency more imprt than competition. They believed economic concentration usually encouraged efficiency. Believed gov't should fight against bad trusts+promote good trusts. Believed continued oversight by a strong, modernized gov't was essential. Herbert Croly one of the most influential spokesman for this opinion. (1909) //__The Promise of American Life__// became one of the most influential progressive documents.
 * Others felt businesses themselves had to learn new ways of cooperation+self regulation; some of the most energetic "progressive" reformers of the period were businessmen searching for ways to bring order to their own troubled world. Others thought solution=gov't playing a more active role in regulating+planning economic life. Theodore Roosevelt came to endorse this position(not until 1910). He became for a time the most power symbol of the reform impulse at the national level.
 * [[file:2-Column Notes Chapter 22 pg.593.docx]]
 * President William Mckinley's assasination in 1901 resulted in the election of Theodore Roosevelt, the Vice President to the presidency.
 * Roosevelt's reputation as a wildman was a result of the style of his early political career. He served as a member of the NY legislature w/ vigor.
 * Reform, was more of a way to protect against radical change. He never rebelled against members of his own parties. Became a champion of cautious, moderate change.
 * Roosevelt envisioned federal gov't not supporting any particular interest groups but the public good. He didn't oppose concentration of power, but believed consolidation of power would result in abuses of power. Allied w/ progressives who supported regulation of trusts.
 * T.R. wanted gov't to have ability to investigate corporations+businesses+publicize the results. Pressure of educated public opinion, T.R. believed would alone eliminate most corporate abuses. The new Department of Commerce and Labor, established in 1903, was to assist in this task through the Bureau of Corporations.
 * Disputing views over conservation movement began in 1906 when residents of San Francisco worried about where to find water for their growing population saw Hetch Hetchy as an ideal place for a dam, which would create a large reservoir for the city- a plan that Muir+others strongly opposed.
 * 1906, San Francisco suffered an earthquake+fire. Widespread sympathy strengthened the city's case for a dam. Gifford Pinchot Roosevelt's chief forester, expressed approval for the dam.
 * For over a decade naturalists+advocates of the dam battled a fight that consumed John Muir. Pinchot thought the needs for San Francisco were more impt than needs for natural preservation. In 1908 the people of San Francisco approved construction of the dam.
 * Taft won election to the White House in 1908. He received his party's nomination virtually uncontested. Taft entered the White House on a wave of good feeling.
 * 4 yrs later Taft would leave office as the most defeated president in the 20th century; his party deeply divided+gov't in the hands of a dem.administration for 1st time in 20 yrs. Taft's defeat was a result that he could not please both conservatives+progs. He found himself alienating the progs and pleasing conservatives.
 * In the early months of his administration Taft attempted to reduce protective tariff rates, but made no effort to overcome the opposition from the Old Guard, claiming that it would violate the constitutions separation of powers. The result was the weak Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which lowered tariffs scarcely+in some places actually raised tariffs. Progs resented Taft's passivity
 * Taft wasn't a champion of reform change, but he wasn't a consistent opposer of reform, either. In 1912, he signed legislation to create a federal Children's Bureau to investigate all matters considering the well-being of children in the U.S. Julia Lathrop, the 1st chief of the Bureau, and fomer veteran of Hull House+Jane Adams brought women reformers who aided in making the agency a force for progressive change, not just nationally, but in state+local gov'ts.
 * WW as a candidate presented a progressive program that came to be called the "New Freedom." His new freedom differed from Roosevelt's New nationalism in that Roosevelt believed in accepting economic concentration+using gov't to regulate&control it. Wilson believed that bigness was both unjust+inefficient&proper response to monopoly was not to regulate it, but to destroy it.
 * The 1912 presidential election resulted in WW's election as president winning overwhelmingly 435 out of 531 votes
 * The Scholar as President(602)
 * Wilson=bold+forceful president. He concentrated the powers of the executive branch in his own hands. Exerted firm control over his cabinet, and he delegated real authority only to those whose loyalty to him was beyond question.
 * On legislative matters Wilson used his position as party leader to weld together a coalition that would support his program. Wilson's first triumph was the fulfillment of a substantial lowering of the protective tariff. The Underwood-Simmons Tariff provided cuts substantially, progs believed for real competition into U.S. markets and help break the power of trusts. to make up for the loss of revenue Congress passed a graduated Income tax, which the newly adopted 16th amendment now permitted.
 * The Federal Reserve Act, which congress passed and which the president signed on December 23, 1913. Created 12 regional banks, each to be owned+controlled by individual banks of its district. The regional Federal Reserve banks would hold a certain reserve of the assets of member banks in reserve; they would use a percentage of the assets to support loans to private banks at an interest(or "discount") rate that the Federal Reserve system would set; issue a new type of paper currency--Federal Reserve notes--that would become nation's basic medium of trade and be backed by the gov't. __They would be able to shift funds quickly to troubled areas in need of credit or to protected imperiled banks.__ Federal Reserve board supervised the entire system.
 * Federal Trade Commision Act created a regulatory agency that would help businesses determine in advance whether their actions would be acceptable to the gov't. It would also have authority to launch prosecution against "unfair trade practices" which the law did not define,+ it would have wide power to investigate corporate behavior. Increased the gov'ts regulatory authority significantly. The Clayton Antitrust Bill was lost and Wilson seemed to lose interest in the bill. The vigorous legal pursuit of monopoly that Wilson promised in 1912 never materialized.
 * Federal Trade Commision Act created a regulatory agency that would help businesses determine in advance whether their actions would be acceptable to the gov't. It would also have authority to launch prosecution against "unfair trade practices" which the law did not define,+ it would have wide power to investigate corporate behavior. Increased the gov'ts regulatory authority significantly. The Clayton Antitrust Bill was lost and Wilson seemed to lose interest in the bill. The vigorous legal pursuit of monopoly that Wilson promised in 1912 never materialized.
 * By fall of 1914 Wilson believed program of New Freedom was complete+ agitation for reform would subside. He refused to support the mov't for national woman suffrage. Condoned the reimposition of segregation in the agencies of the federal government.
 * The congressional elections of 1914 shattered the presidents complacency. People that voted progressive party began to rely on Republicans.He supported a measure to make it easier for farmers to receive credit and one creating a system of workers' compensation for federal employees. Also, appointed Louis Brandeis, the first Jew on the Supreme Court&most advanced progressive.
 * Wilson was supporting measures that expanded the role of the nat.gov't.1916, Wilson supported the Keating-Owen Act, the first federal law regulating child labor.
 * T.R. believed in using American power in the worlds but had 2 standards for using that power.
 * T.R. believed there were differences between "civilized" nations and uncivilized nations. "Civilized" nations were mainly white, teutonic, anglo-saxon. "Uncivilized" nations were nonwhite, Latin, or Slavic. Racism was part of that distinction. T.R. believed economic development was another distinction. Japan, a rapidly developing industrial nation on the rise was considered a "civilized" nation.
 * T.R. believed civilized nations were producers of industrial goods. Unicivilized nations supplied raw materials+goods. Therefore, it was the right of civilized nations to intervene in the affairs of a "backward" nation to preserve order+stability. This belief was one of the reasons for the development of American sea power. By 1906, the American navy had attained a size+strength surpassed by only G.B.
 * T.R. believed civilized nations were producers of industrial goods. Unicivilized nations supplied raw materials+goods. Therefore, it was the right of civilized nations to intervene in the affairs of a "backward" nation to preserve order+stability. This belief was one of the reasons for the development of American sea power. By 1906, the American navy had attained a size+strength surpassed by only G.B.

Protecting the "Open Door" in Asia(605) The Iron-Fisted Neighbor(606) The Panama Canal(606) Taft and "Dollar Diplomacy"(606) Diplomacy and Morality(607) WW entered presidency w/ little interest/experience in international affairs. He faced international challenges of a scope+gravity unmatched by those of any president before him.
 * T.R. established a series of American intervention in the Caribbean and S.America that would long survive his presidency.
 * When the gov't of Venezuela began to default on debts to European bankers, Naval forces of Britain, Italy+Germany blockaded the Venezuelan coast in response. Then German ships began to attack a Venezuelan port+Roosevelt uses the threat of American naval power in order to force the German navy to withdraw.
 * The incident persuaded Roosevelt that European intrusions into Latin America could result from aggression+irresponsibility w/in the Latin American nations themselves. Result:1904, the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The U.S. could oppose European intervention in the Western Hemisphere but also to intervene itself in the domestic affairs of its neighbors if those neighbors proved unable to maintain order+nat.sovereignty on their own.
 * William Howard Taft worked to spread U.S. influence to lesser-develped nations. Philander C. Knox, Taft's Secretary of State, worked aggressively to extend American investments into less-developed regions. Critics called these policies"Dollar Diplomacy."
 * In Nicaragua in 1909, the U.S. aided the insurgents in a revolution w/in the nation. After peace restored, Knox encouraged American bankers to offer substantial loans to the new gov't, thus increasing Washington's financial leverage over the country. When the new pro-American gov't faced in insurrection yrs later the U.S. intervened protecting the new gov't.
 * U.S. established a military gov't in 1916 when the Dominican Republic rejected a treaty that would make the nation an American protectorate.

=Chapter 23 Notes= __**The Road to War(614-618)**__ The Collapse of the European Peace(614) Wilson's Neutrality(614) __Preparedness versus Pacifism__(615) __A War for Democracy(615)__
 * [[file:2-Column Notes Chapter 23 pg. 613.docx]]
 * Many historians agree that WWI was caused by the precarious system established by European nations in 1914. Most historians agree that the war started b/c of a minor series of provocations.
 * The Triple entente: Britain, France+Russia. Triple Alliance: Germany, Austro-Hungarian empire, and Italy. Main conflict was btwn Germany+England. Germany wanted to expand its power and become Britain's equal. Britain, established as the world's most powerful colonial and commercial nation. June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian empire was assassinated in Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia, a province of Austria-Hungary. The assassin was a serbian nationalist.(Why did the Austro-Hungarians want to retaliate against an entire nation b/c of the actions of a rogue nationalist?)
 * U.S. ignored blockade of Germany+continued to trade w/ Britain. By 1915, the U.S. shifted from a neutral power to the arsenal of the allies.(What does that mean?)
 * In early 1915 b/c they couldn't challenge Britain on ocean's surface, Germany began to use submarine warfare to try to stem the flow of supplies to England. May 7,1915, the sinking of the //Lusitania// which killed Americans and other people was seen as "an act of piracy"--Theodore Roosevelt.

__"War Without Stint(616-621)__ __Entering the War(616)__ Within weeks of entering the war the U.S. aided british navy on its assault of German U-boats. By October 1918 sinking of allied ships had dropped to 112,000 previously from 900,000 tons in the month of April 1917. The convoys helped the U.S. protect its soldiers en route to Europe. No American troop ship was lost at sea in World War I. Many Americans thought naval assistance was all that was needed. It became evident that significant ground forces were also necessary. Britain and France had few reserves. By early 1918, Russia had pulled out of war. In 1917 Russia negotiated a treaty w/ the central powers.

__The American Expeditionary Force(617)__ __The Military Struggle(618)__ __The New Technology of Warfare(619)__ __The War and American Society(621)__ __Labor and the War(622)__ __Economic and Social Results of the War(623)__ The Search for Social Unity(624-628) __The Peace Movement(624)__ __Selling the War and Suppressing Dissent(624)__ The Search for a new world order(628-632) __The Fourteen Points(629)__ __Early Obstacles(630)__ __The Paris Peace Conference(631)__ __The Ratification Battle(630)__ __Wilson's Ordeal(631)__ A Society in Turmoil(632-639)

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 * __**Topic/Issue**__ || **__Reform Efforts__** || __**Accomplishments**__ ||
 * * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Women's Rights || Women formed clubs. || * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1920, the 19th amendment was passed which gave women the right to vote. ||
 * * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">African American rights+voting
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Concentrated Economic Power i.e. trusts
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Environmental Conservation
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Immigration
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Working Conditions
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Urban Housing Conditions
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Alcohol Problem
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Political Parties+Machines || * Formation of the NAACP which sought to combat lynching, and segregation.
 * Investigate activities of corporations and publish the results to the public.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">T.T. restricted development on millions of acres of land.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Eugenics+sterilization in the early 20th century.
 * Unions that called for better working conditions, protect child laborers+eliminate abuses of industrial economy.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Creation of the Hull House.
 * The Temperance Crusade
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The Iniative, The Referendum, The Direct Election, and other measures. || * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">No real significant accomplishments.
 * During Roosevelt's tenure the office of government was shaped as a regulatory machine.
 * Newlands Act provided federal funds for the construction of dams, reservoirs, and canals in the West.
 * Roosevelt+Pinchot supported legislation for carefully manageddevelopment.
 * The 18th amendment which banned the sale, production and distribution of alcohol.
 * Increased political efficiency, took power away from party bosses, decreased corruption, decline of party influence and increased power of special interest groups. ||