Unit+8

=﻿Map 839 IndoChina and Southeast China= > = = > =**Notes 822-832** = > **Election of 1960(822)- JFK overcame public doubts over his youth and religion to win 49.9%to Richard Nixon's 49.6% of the popular vote+only a slightly more comfortable electoral majority(303:219).** > **Kennedy Assassinated(822)- Killed by Lee Harvey Oswald who was in turn kiled by a nightclub owner. Kennedy's death 1st accepted w/ commission report, then later a greater conspiracy became prominent in the minds of Americans.** > **The "Great Society"(823)- Lyndon Johnson's reform program. Won approval through skillful lobbying.** > **Medicare and Medicaid(823)- Medicare: program to provide federal aid to the elderly for medical expenses. __Defused opposition by allowing doctors to practice privately+charge normal fees; shifted fees from patient to govt. they were part of a larger assault on poverty.__** > **Community Action Program(824)-An effort to involve members of poor communities im the planning of programs designed to aid them. __Provided jobs for many poor ppl+provided them w/ valuable experience. However, it proved impossible to sustain, b/c of administrative failures+excesses of a few agencies damaged the image of agency.__** > **Housing and Urban Development(825)- 1961 offered $4.9 billion in federal grants to cities of the preservation of open spaces, the development of mass-transit systems, and the subsidization of middle-income housing. Johnson established department of Housing and Urban development.** > **Immigration Act of 1965(825)-1 of most impt legislation in 1960s. Kept strict limit on amount of immigrants, but eliminated national origins system of 1920s which favored immigrants from Northern Europe. Large groups of immigrants changed character of American population.** > **SNCC(826)-Formed in fall of 1960 to keep spirit of civil rights movement and resistance to segregation alive.** > **"Freedom Riders"(826)- Interracial, 1961, traveled throughout South to force desegregation of buses.** > **March on Washington(827)- Martin Luther Kings "I Have A Dream" 1963+200,000 demonstrators w/ support of President Kennedy marched on Washington, D.C.** > **"Freedom Summer"(828)- Produced the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party(MFDP)+produced vicious killings of blacks by KKK.** > **Voting Rights Act(829)- Civil Rights Act of 1965, which provided federal protection to blacks wanting to vote. Failed to satisfy the rising expectations of AA's.** > **De jure and De facto Segregation(830)- De jure= segregation by law; De facto= segregation in practice** > **Watts Riot(830)- Race riot in Los Angeles. Alarmed ppl of the cause of racial equality+justice.** > **Shift from Integration to Racial Distinction(831)- "Black power" movement encouraged AA's to embrace their culture+demand equality to whites. Ex: Afros' rather than straightened hair.** > **An Increasingly Divided Civil Rights Movement(831)- Traditional black organizations experienced difficulty from more radical groups who wanted to use violence to gain racial justice causing a schism w/in civil rights movement, however they were usually the victims of justice.** > **Nation of Islam(832)- Group of black nationalists who taught control, and independence from whites. Malcolm X, formerly known as Malcolm Little, was the groups most prominent member.** > > =**832-843 Notes ** = > **Flexible Response(832)-** Kennedy admin believed the U.S. ought to counter communism in more flexible ways. Kennedy believed 3rd world countries were vulnerable to communism. Gave support to expansion of special forces. > **Bay of Pigs(833)-** Failure on April 17, 1961 when CIA trained armed rebels to rebel against Fidel Castro+rebels were easily crushed by Cuban troops after not receiving U.S. air support/uprising by Cuban ppl. > **Cuban Missile Crisis(834)-**Oct 22 when Kennedy ordered a naval+aerial blockade around Cuba b/c of fear of nuclear weapons. > **Intervention in the Dominican Republic(834)-** Johnson sent 30,000 American troops to quell the disorder. Foreign policy was almost totally dominated by bitter civil war in Vietnam by expanding involvement of U.S. > **The Vietminh(835)-** Created in 1941 by nationalists+led by Ho Chi Minh, a communist educated in Paris+Moscow, and a fervent Vietnamese nationalist. Fall 1945 declared Vietnam an independent nation+set a nationalist govt under Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi. > **Geneva Conference(835)-** U.S. only partially involved in Vietnam phase of Geneva Conference. __Produced an agreement to end the Vietnam conflict. Vietnam temporarily separated along 17th parallel w/ Vietminh in control of N.Vietnam, pro-western in South.__ > **South Vietnamese Society(836)-** Consisted of Khmer(Cambodians). Ppl from N. would move there. Looser, heterogeneous, individualistic society. Factionalized. Prosperous+fertile than N. Not overpopulated, produced a surplus for expert, heavily influenced by French, not committed to nat.unity. > **Ngo Dinh Diem(837)-**Central Vietnam, an outsider in S. Well-regarded by U.S. by challenging against S.Vietnamese mafia+against French&a nationalist. > **The NLF(838)-** National Liberation Front known as the Viet Cong-- an organization closely allied w/ the N. Vietnamese govt. Committed to overthrowing the "puppet regime" of Diem+reuniting the nation. Successful in destabilizing the Diem regime. > **Diem Overthrown(838)-**Buddhist crisis embarrassed kennedy admin. Wanted Diem to reform, but he wouldn't&Kennedy gave order to a group of Vietnamese generals to topple Diem. Generals staged the coup, assassinated Diem, his brother+principal adviser, and established 1st of a series of new govts. > **Gulf of Tonkin Resolution(839)-**416:0 Congress pased it approving pres to take all measures to protect U.S. forces+prevent further aggression in S.east Asia. > **Mounting Casualties(840)-** More than 180,000 U.S. combat troops in Vietnam; including large amount of civilian personnel. > **Strategy of "Attrition"(841)-** U.S. could inflict so many casualties+so much damage on the enemy that they would be unable+unwilling to continue the struggle. __Failed b/c N. Vietnamese proved willing to commit many soldiers to the conflict than U.S.__ > **"Hearts and Minds"(841)-** Intened to push the Viet Cong from particular regions+"pacify" those regions by winning the "hearts and minds" of the ppl. Pacification program. __U.S. forces not adept at establishing the same kind of rapport w/ provincial Vietnamese that the Viet Cong had created.__ > **Growing Opposition to the war(842)-** By the end of 1967, students opposed to the war became impt force. Members of Congres as well. > **War-Induced Inflation(843)-** Inflation rate increased each in from 1967. In 1967 Johnson asked for a tax increase-- a 10% "war tax" in return Conservatives demanded+received a $6 billion reduction in funding for Great Society programs. > = 843-848 Notes = =**869-873 Notes**=
 * Borders China, Laos, thailand and Cambodia.
 * Coastal.
 * Very wet(explains jungles, humidity, and sticky).
 * Diseas-ridden, discomfort.
 * Many U.S. bases present in S. Vietnam, Thailand was probably an ally of Vietnam.
 * =N. Vietnam invaded S. Vietnam using Ho Chinh Minh trail and also supported the Viet Cong.=
 * Political and Psychological Defeat(844)- Tet offensive a political defeat for admin. Next weeks, opposition to the war grew+newspapers&magazines, television comentators, mainstream politicians began taking public stands in favor of deescalation of conflict.**
 * Robert Kennedy(845)- Entered the campaign against Johnson.**
 * Riots(846)- Death of MLK resulted in major riots in 60 major U.S. cities; more than 3,000 sufered injuries; as many as 27,000 ppl were arrested.**
 * The Kennedy Legacy(846)- Set of ideas that would become impt to American "liberalism"; the commitment to using gov to help the powerless. Helped many Americans support Robert Kennedy b/c of martyr JFK. Helped R.Kennedy's campaign.**
 * Nixon Victorious(847)-__Made clear that a majority of American electorate was interested in restoring stablity+promoting social change.__ Won over Hurbert Humphrey.**
 * The First "Earth Day"(869)-1970, ppl throughout U.S. Proposed by Wisconsin Senator Gaylord Nelson+led to the growth in the environmental movt.**
 * EPA Established(869)- Environmental movt in 1970 Congress passed+Nixon as president signed the National Environment Protection Act, __to enforce antipollution standards on businessess+consumers. Clean Air+Clean Water Act, in 1972 added additional tools to the govts arsenal of weapons against environmental degradation. Improved air quality+water quality.__**
 * "Credibility"(870)- Nixon feared a retreat from war would destroy U.S. honor+"credibility." In 1968, nixon claimed to have found a plan to bring peace in Vietnam.**
 * Henry Kissinger(870)- Appointed by Nixon to find a solution to the stalemate in Vietnam. He overshadowed Nixon in international affairs+reason for it was his intelligence, bureaucratic skills**
 * My Lai Massacre(871)- __implied the dehumanizing impact of the war on those who fought it--+ consequences for Vietnamese ppl of that dehumanization.__**


 * "Christmans Bombing(872)-****Nixon canceled his plans to invade N.Korea 1/27/73 they signed an aggreement restoring peace in Vietnam.**
 * Fall of Saigon(872)- Communist foces in April 1975 took over, renamed capital Cambodians fell under to Pol Pot+Khmer Roughe, which led to the deaths of more than 1/3. The nation also suffered a blow to its confidence+self-esteem from which it would not soon recover.**

Chapter 32: Crisis of Authority =Notes 852-863= =Notes 863-869/ 873= =__CounterCulture of the New Left__=
 * =Students challenging their colleges and universities.=
 * =Challenging of male dominance=
 * =Challenging of traditions=
 * =Challenging of government authority(Vietnam War)=
 * 1) =Liberation(852)- Minority groups demanded from larger society. Found expression in individuals who wanted to stop the "dehumanizing" elements of modern technocracy.=
 * 2) Sources of the New Left(852)- Influenced by old left, Karl Marx, Che Guevara, civil rights movement.
 * 3) =Free Speech Movement(853)- Led by students from Berkeley University.=
 * 4) =People's Park(853)- Park that many students fought to protect+following the ppls park battle the amount of students who wanted the park to remain increased.=
 * 5) ="Hippies(856)- Marijuana, LSD, flaunted long hair, shabby or flamboyant clothing, and a rebellious disdain for traditional speech and decorum.=
 * 6) =Haight Ashbury(856)- Neighborhood of San Francisco where the social dropouts who rejected modern society attempted to find refuge.=
 * 7) =Native American Grievances(857)- Limited education, training, high unemployment, high death rate, low life expectancy.=
 * 8) =Failure of "Termination"(858)- Led to widespread corruption+abuse. Mobilized new Indian militants+National Congress of American Indians(NCAI) (1944).=
 * 9) =AIM(859)-(1968) group of young militant INdians established the American Indian movt, which drew its greatest support from those Indians who lived in urban areas but soon established a significant presence on the reservations.=
 * 10) =Occupation of Wounded Knee(859)- Occupiers+federal forces clashed and one Indian died, while another was wounded.=
 * 11) =**Impact of the Gay Liberation(863)- Strenghtened the outlook of gay men+women.** =
 * 1) =The Feminine Mystique(864)- 1963 by Betty Friedan that showed the disillusionment of women over their lack of freedom+usage of their talents w/in the suburbs. __It did not cause the revival of feminism as to help give voice to a stirring mov't.__=
 * 2) =NOW Founded(864)- 1966 National Organization for women founded+became nation's largest+most influential feminist organization. Drew much of its inspiration from black struggle for freedom. In beginning directed towards women in the workplace, then went to challenge discrimination of women in workplace.=
 * 3) =New Directions in the Women's Movement(865)- Younger feminists criticized American society.=
 * 4) =Nixon's China Visit(873)- FEb. 1972 Nixon erased much of U.S. animosity towards Chhinese communissts. Nixon did not formally recognize the communists, but 1972 U.S.+China began low-level diplomatic relations.=
 * 5) **"Six-Day War"-(874)- 1967. Israel defeated Egyptian, Syrian, and ordanian forces, gained control of the whole of the divided city of Jerusalem, and occupied substantial new territories.**
 * 6) **Arab Oil Embargo(874)-1973. Brief but showed costs of losing access to region's resources. __U.S. couldn't ignore the interests of the Arab nations in its efforts on behalf of Israel-- lesson from Yom kippor war.__**
 * 7) **Dismantling the Great Society(875)-Ex: 1973 Nixon abolished the Office of Economic Opportunity, the core of the antipoverty program of Johnson yrs.**
 * 8) **Baker v. Carr(875)-(1962) 1 of most impt cases of Warren court required state legislatures to give electoral districts so that all citizens' votes would have equal weight. __Greatly strengthened voting power of AA"s, ispanics+other groups w/in cities.__**
 * 9) **Bakke v. Board of Regents of California(876)- "Nixon court" upheld in 1978 affirmative action, established restrictive guidelines for programs in the future.**
 * 10) **George McGovern(876)- Dem. nominee: against the war, wanted more power to women, blacks+young ppl. Lost to Nixon during election of __1972.__**
 * 11) **Inflation(877)-Most turbulent economic problem of the 1970s. Caused by significant increase in federal deficit spending in 1960s, when onson administration tried to fund war in Vietnam+its ambitious social programs w/out raising taxes. U.S. did not have access to cheap, raw materials from 3rd world, nations on the world were competing for raw materials. __Nation heavily dependent on imports from Middle-East+Asia.__**
 * 12) **OPEC(877)-Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Early 1970s, began to assert itself, to use its oil as an economic tool+a political weapon.**
 * 13) **"Stagflation"(878)-Rising prices+economic stagnation from Nixon's higher interest rates+a contradiction of the money supply.**
 * 14) **The Changing Presidency(879)- Presidents had less power+were criticized by media+ppl all around&had to find ways to circumvent the law to excercise power. Nixon became angry towards dissidents+began to abuse his power in late 1972.**
 * 15) **The Watergate Break-in(879)- June 17, 1972 5 men were arrested for breaking into Democratic National Committee in Watergate office in Washington D.C. They had been funded by the Committee for Reelection of Richard Nixon.**
 * 16) **"Cover-up"(880)-Administration tried to manage the investigations of the Watergate break-in+other abuses.**
 * 17) **"Saturday Night Massacre(880)- The firing of Archibald Cox, resulted in resignation of Attorney General Elliot Richardson+his deputy. __Scandal precipitated an investigation by the House of Representatives into the possibility of impeachment.__**
 * 18) **U.S. v. Richard Nixon(880)- Supreme Court case that ruled Nixon should relinquish tapes to prosecutor Jaworski.**
 * 19) **Nixon Resigns(880)-August 8, 1974 Nixon resigned the 1st pres. in history. Gerald Ford replaced him. __Many were relieved+happy that he was gone. Fall of Richard Nixon confirmed the cynical assumptions about character of American public life. Damaged Americans' faith in the government.__**
 * Hippies stressed that individuals ought to cultivate the slef, unleasing one of its own full potential for pleasure and fulfillment.
 * Movies and Television began to express the shift in social norms towards the use of marijuana, freer sexual attitudes and obscene language.
 * Movies and television explored poltical issues, violent social issues and social conflict.[[image:http://vermontpeaceworks.org/peacestore/images/peace_signs_all_solid.jpg caption="Peace signs were common among hippies."]]
 * Music especially rock and roll changed from innocent and simple to experimental themes that reflected anger, frustratiion and rebeliiousness.[[image:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yU4mvdBaQaM/TRCe6ozoR7I/AAAAAAAAAMo/upJa1osP8Dk/s1600/beatles+at+aribeqz-blogspot-com.jpg caption=""I'll never dance with another" Popular song: "As I saw her standing there.""]]

=﻿__Women's Issues__=

Feminism- The belief or movement among women for equal social, political, and economic rights and equal opportunity.

Women's Liberation- movement in which women freely and openly expressed feminist views.

Roe v. Wade- Historic&controversial Supreme Court decision protecting women's rights to have an abortion. Angered many religious fundamentalists. __Right to privacy.__

=**Chapter 33 Notes**=
 * Politics and Diplomacy After Watergate **
 * The Ford Custodianship **

>> >> >> >
 * **Gerald Ford had to try to rebuild confidence in government in the face of the widespread ****
 * **cynicism the Watergate scandals had produced. **
 * **He had to try to restore prosperity in the face of major domestic and international **
 * **challenges to the American economy. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Ford explained that he was attempting to spare the nation the ordeal of years of litigation **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">and to spare Nixon himself any further suffering. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Ford administration enjoyed less success in its effort to solve the problems of the **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">American economy. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">In the aftermath of the Arab oil embargo of 1973, the OPEC cartel began to raise thr **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">price of oil-by 400 percent in 1974 alone. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Ford retained Henry Kissinger as secretary of state and continued the general policies of **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">the Nixon years. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Late in 1974, Ford met with Leonid Brezhnev at Vladivostok in Siberia and signed an **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">arms control accord that was to serve as the basis for SALT II, thus achieving a **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">goal the Nixon administration had long sought. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">In the republican primary campaign Ford faced a powerful challenge from former **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">California governor Ronald Reagan, leader of the party’s conservative wing, who **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">spoke for many on the right who were unhappy with any conciliation of **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">communists. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Trials of Jimmy Carter **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Jimmy Carter assumed the presidency at a moment when the nation faced problems of **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">staggering complexity and difficulty. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">He left office in 1981 one of the least popular presidents of the country. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">He surrounded himself in the White House with group of close-knit associates from **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Georgia; and in the beginning, at least, he seemed deliberately to spurn assistance **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">from more experienced political figures. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">He moved first to reduce unemployment by raising public spending and cutting federal **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">taxes. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">He appointed G. William Miller and then Paul Volcker, both conservative economists, to **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">head the Federal Reserve Board, thus ensuring a policy of high interest rates and **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">reduced currency supplies. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Human Rights and National Interests **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Among Jimmy Carter’s most frequent campaign promises was a pledge to build a new **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">basis for American foreign policy, one in which the defense of “human rights” **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">would replace the pursuit of “selfish interest. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Domestic opposition to the treaties was intense, especially among conservatives who **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">viewed the new arrangements as part of a general American retreat from **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">international power. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Middle East negotiations had seemed hopelessly stalled when a dramatic breakthrough **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">occurred in Nove mber 1977. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">In Tel Aviv, he announced that Egypt was now willing to accept the state of Israel as a **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">legitimate political entity. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">On September 17, Carter escorted the two leaders into the White House to announce **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">agreement on a “framework” for an Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">On December 15, 1978, Washington and Beijing announced the resumption of formal **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">diplomatic relations between the two nations. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The treaty set limits on the number of long-range missiles, bombers, and nuclear **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">warheads on each side. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">By the fall of 1979, with the Senate scheduled to begin debate over the treaty shortly, **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">ratification was already in jeopardy. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Year of the Hostages **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">By 1979, the Shah of Iran, hoping to make his nation a bulwark against Soviet **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">expansion in the Middle East. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">In January 1979, the Shah fled the country. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">By late 1979, revolutionary chaos in Iran was making any normal relations impossible. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">In late October 1979, the deposed Shah arrived in New York to be treated for cancer. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Days later, on November 4, an armed mob invaded the American embassy in **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Teheran, seized the diplomats and military personnel inside, and demanded the **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">return of the Shah to Iran in exchange for their freedom. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">53 Americans remained hostages in the embassy for over a year. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Only weeks after the hostage seizure, on December 27, 1979, Soviet troops invaded **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Afghanistan, the mountaino us Islamic nation lying between the USSR and Iran. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The combination of domestic economic troubles and international crises created **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">widespread anxiety, frustration, and anger in the United States-damaging **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">President Carter already low stranding with the public, and giving added strength **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">to an alternative political force that had already made great strides. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Rise of the New American Right **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Sunbelt and Its Politics **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The most widely discusses demographic phenomenon of the 1970s was the rise of what **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">became known as the “Sunbelt”- a term coined by the political analyst Kevin **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Phillips to describe a collection of regions that emerged together in the postwar **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">era to become the most dynamically growing parts of the country. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">By 1980, the population of the Sunbelt had risen to exceed that of the older industrial **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">regions of the North and the East. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">White southerners equated the federal government’s effort to change racial norms in the **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">region with what they believed was tyranny of Reconstruction. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">In the 1970s and early 1980s, the boom mentality of some of these rapidly growing **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">areas conflicted sharply with the concerns of the older industrial states of the **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Northeast and Midwest. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The so-called Sagebrush Rebellion, which emerged in parts of the West in the late **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">1970s, mobilized conservative opposition to environmental laws and restrictions **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">on development. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Suburbanization also fueled the rise of the right. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Religious Revivalism **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">In the 1960s, may critics had predicted the virtual extinction of religious influence in **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">American life. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">By early 1980s, it was no longer possible to ignore them. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">More than 70 million Americans now described themselves as “born-again” Christiansmen **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">and women who had established a “direct personal relationship with Jesus”. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">For Jimmy Carter and for some others, evangelical Christianity had formed the basis for **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">a commitment to racial and economic justice and to world peace. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Moral Majority, the Christian Coalition, and other organizations of similar **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">inclination opposed federal interference in local affairs; denounced abortion, **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">divorce, enterprise; and supported a strong American posture in the world. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Emergence of the New Right **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Evangelical Christians were an important part, but only a part, of what became known **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">as the new right- a diverse but powerful movement that enjoyed rapid growth in **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">the 1970s and early 1980s. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Conservative campaigns had for many years been less well funded and organized than **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">those of their rivals. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">By the late 1970s, there were right-wing think tanks, consulting forms, lobbyists, **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">foundations, and scholarly centers. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">In the early 1950s Roosevelt became a corporate spokesman for General Electric and **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">won a wide following on the right with his smooth, eloquent speeches in defense **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">of individual freedom and private enterprise. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">In 1966, with the support of a group of a group of wealthy conservatives, he won the first **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">of two terms as governor of California-which gave him a much more visible **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">platform for promoting himself and his ideas. [Ronald Reagan] **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Tax Revolt **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">At least equally important to the success of the new right was a new and potent **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">conservative issue: the tax revolt. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The biggest and most expensive programs-Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">others-had the broadest support. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">In Proposition 13 and similar initiatives, members of the right found a better way to **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">discredit government than by attacking specific programs: attacking taxes. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Campaign of 1980 **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Jimmy Carter's standing in popularity polls were lower than that of any **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">president. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">On election day 1980, Reagan(R) won 51% of the vote to 41% for **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Jimmy Carter(D) and 7% for John Anderson(I) **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">1. Electoral botes: Reagan 489, Carter 49. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Republican Party won control of the Senate for the first time since **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">1952. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The "Reagan Revolution" **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Reagan Coalition **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Reagan owed his election to widespread disillusionment with Carter and to the crises **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">and disappointments that many voters, perhaps unfairly, associated with him. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Reagan coalition included a relatively small but highly influential group of wealthy **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Americans associated with the corporate and financial world-the kind of people **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">who had dominated American politics and government through much of the **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">nations history until the New Deal began to challenge their preeminence. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">A second element of the Reagan coalition was even smaller, but also disproportionately **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">influential: a group of intellectuals commonly known as “neo-conservatives,” who **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">gave to the right something it had not had in may years-a firm base among **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">“opinion leaders”, people with access to the most influential public forums for **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">ideas. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Neo-conservatives were sympathetic to the complaints and demands of capitalists, but **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">their principal concern was to reassert legitimate authority and reaffirm Western **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">democratic, anticommunists values and commitments. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Reagan in the White House **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Reagan was the master of television, a gifted public speaker, and -in public at leastrugged, **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">fearless, and seemingly impervious to danger or misfortune. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">He spent his many vacations on a California ranch, where he chopped wood and rode **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">horses. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">At times, the president revealed a startling ignorance about the nature of his own policies **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">or the actions of his subordinates. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">"Supply-Side" Economics **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Reagan’s 1980 campaign for the presidency had promised, w/ other things, to **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">restore the economy to health by a bold experiment that became known as **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">“supply-side” economics or, to some, “Reaganomics”. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">In its first months in office, accordingly, the new administration hastily assembled a **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">legislative program based on the supply-side idea. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The recession convinced many people, including some conservatives, that the Reagan **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">economic program failed. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The gross national product had grown 3.6 percent in a year, the largest increase since the **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">-1970s. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The economy continued to grow, a nd both inflation and unemployment remained low **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">through most of the decade. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">A worldwide “energy glut” and the virtual collapse of the OPEC cartel had produced at **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">least a temporary end to the inflationary pressures of spiraling fuel costs. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Fiscal Crisis **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">By the mid-1980s, this growing fiscal crisis had become one of the central issues in **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">American politics. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Throughout the 1980s, the annual budget deficit consistently exceeded $100 billion. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The 1981 tax cuts, the largest in American history, contributed to the deficit. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">There were reductions in funding for food stamps; a major cut in federal subsidies for **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">low-income housing; strict new limitations on Medicare and Medicaid payments; **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">reductions in student loans, school lunches, and other educational programs; and **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">an end to many forms of federal assistance to the states and cities-which helped **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">precipitate years of local fiscal crises as well. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">By the late 1980s, may fiscal conservatives were calling for a constitutional amendment **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">mandating a balanced budget-a provision the president himself claimed to **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">support. ** It wasn't passed.
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Reagan and the World **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Determined to restore American pride and prestige in the world, he argued that the **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">United States should once again become active and assertive in opposing **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">communism and in supporting friendly governments whatever their internal **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">policies. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The president spoke harshly of Soviet regime accusing it of sponsori ng world terrorism **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">and declaring that any armaments negotiations must be linked to negotiations on **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Soviet behavior in other areas. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Although the president had long denounced the SALT II arms control treaty as **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">unfavorable to the United States, he continued to honor it provisions. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Soviet Union claimed that the new program would elevate the arms race to new and **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">more dangerous levels and insisted that any arms control agreement begin with an **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">American abandonment of SDI. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The New Policy became known as the Reagan Doctrine, and it meant, above all, a new **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">American activism came in Latin America. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Reagan administration spoke bravely about its resolve to punish terrorism; and at one **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">point in 1986, the president ordered American planes to bomb site in Tripoli, the **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">capital of Libya, whose controversial leader was widely believed to be a leading **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">sponsor of terrorism. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Election of 1984 **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Reagan was victorious in the election winning 59% of the vote, **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">carrying every state but Mondale's native Minnesota and the **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">District of Columbia. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The election of 1984 was the first campaign of the Cold War. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">America and the Waning of the Cold War **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Fall of the Soviet Union **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The first he called glasnost (openness): the dismantling many of the repressive **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">mechanisms that had been conspicuous features of Soviet life for over half a **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">century. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Communists Parties of Eastern Europe collapsed or redefined themselves into more **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">conventional left-leaning social democratic parties. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Among other things, it legalized the chief black party in the nation, the African National **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Congress, which had been banned for dec ades; and on February 11, 1990, it **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">released from prison the leader of the ANC, and a revered hero too black south **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Africans, Nelson Mandela, who had been in jail for 27 years. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Reagan and Gorbachev **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">At a summit meeting with Reagan in Reykjavik, Iceland, in 1986, Gorbachev proposed **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">reducing the nuclear arsenals of both sides by 50 percent or more, although **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">continuing disputes over Reagan’s commitment to the SDI program prevented **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">agreements. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Fading of the Reagan Revolution **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">There were revelations of illegality, corruption, and ethical lapses in the Environmental **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Protection Agency, the CIA, the Department of Defense, the Department of Labor, **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">the Department of Justice, and the Department of Housing and Urban **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Development. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The most politically damaging scandal of the Reagan years came to light in November **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">1986, when the White House conceded that it had sold weapons to the **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">revolutionary government of Iran as part of a largely unsuccessful effort to secure **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">the release of several Americans being held hostage by radical Islamic groups in **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;"> the Middle East . **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Election of 1988 **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Bush campaign was almost the most negative of the 20th **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">century, with Bush attacking Dukakis by tying him to all the **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">unpopular social and cultural stances Americans had come to **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">identify with "liberals." **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">It was also one of the most effective, although the listless, indecisive **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">character of the Dukakis effort contributed to the Republican **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">cause as well. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">Bush won the election with 54% of the popular vote to Dukakis' 46%, **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">and 426 electoral votes to Dukakis' 112. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Bush Presidency **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Bush presidency was notable for the dramatic developments in international affairs **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">with which it coincided and at times helped to advance, and for the absence of **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">important initiatives or ideas on domestic issues. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The broad popularity Bush enjoyed during his first three years in office was partly a res **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">ult of his subdued, unthreading public image. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">On domestic issues, the Bush administration was less successful-partly because the **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">president himself seemed to have little interest in promoting a domestic agenda **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">and partly because he faced serious obstacles. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">In 1990, the president bowed to congressional pressure and agreed to a significant tax **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">increase as part of a multiyear “budget package” designed to reduce the deficit. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The Gulf War **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The events of 1989-1991 ad left the United States in the unanticipated position of being **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">the only real superpower in the world. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">The United States would reduce its military strength dramatically and concentrate its **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">energies and resources on pressing domestic problems. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">·America would continue to use its power actively, not to fight communism but to defend **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">its regional and economic interests. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">In 1989, that led the administration to order an invasion of Panama. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">On August 2, 1990, the armed forces of Iraq invaded and quickly overwhelmed their **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">small, oil-rich neighbor, the emirate of Kuwait. **
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">On February 28 Iraq announced its acceptance of allied terms for a cease-fire, and the ** **<span style="font-family: Verdana,'Lucida Grande',sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px;">short Persian Gulf War came to an end. **


 * Reaganomics**
 * **Also known as supply side economics/trickle down economics by critics.**
 * **It was used to: reduce government spending, decrease government regulation, decrease the money supply due to inflation+ reduce income+capital gains tax.**
 * **He wanted increased Defense spending.**
 * **Recession convinced some ppl that his economic policy had failed.**
 * **However unemployment+inflation remained low throughout the decade.**
 * **His policy did lead to a decrease in federal programs such as Food Stamps+Medicare. The nation also borrowed more than any period in U.S. history.**


 * Ronald Reagan was a great communicator and was "a great soother."
 * Ronald Reagan was a former actor+was the star attempting to keep country
 * Some ppl believed he was left out of the loop Ex:Iran-Contra Scandal.
 * 40th president 1981-1989.
 * Never wavered for core beliefs: limited government "government is the problem", economic policy led to economic prosperity in 80s+large deficits in 1990s.
 * Reaganomics based on theory to cut taxes, raise defense spending, lower government spending. **Favored the supply side or business individuals, not consumers, if they aided the ppl then they would help the ppl.**
 * Aids, womens rights, and homelessness were not challenged during his presidency.
 * Ronald Reagan is attributed to stopping Communism. Mikhel Gorbachov was someone who was swayed by Reagan+led to decline in Soviet Union.
 * 1983 Reagan unveiled SDI(Strategic Defense Initiative) to stop rockets and missiles before they hit American soil.
 * Soviets took SDI serious.**Reagan's rhetoric helped hasten the demise of the Berlin wall.** Berlin wall collapsed in 1989+Soviet Union collapsed in 1990.
 * **Reagan remembered as one of the greatest presidents.**